HardML: A Benchmark For Evaluating Data Science And Machine Learning knowledge and reasoning in AI
On the map: LLM reasoning → Mathematical reasoning
Abstract (arXiv)
We present HardML, a benchmark designed to evaluate the knowledge and reasoning abilities in the fields of data science and machine learning. HardML comprises a diverse set of 100 challenging multiple-choice questions, handcrafted over a period of 6 months, covering the most popular and modern branches of data science and machine learning. These questions are challenging even for a typical Senior Machine Learning Engineer to answer correctly. To minimize the risk of data contamination, HardML uses mostly original content devised by the author. Current state of the art AI models achieve a 30% error rate on this benchmark, which is about 3 times larger than the one achieved on the equivalent, well known MMLU ML. While HardML is limited in scope and not aiming to push the frontier, primarily due to its multiple choice nature, it serves as a rigorous and modern testbed to quantify and track the progress of top AI. While plenty benchmarks and experimentation in LLM evaluation exist in other STEM fields like mathematics, physics and chemistry, the subfields of data science and machine learning remain fairly underexplored.
Key facts. Cited by 5 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Placed in Mathematical reasoning, one of 17 directions in LLM reasoning. Builds on 15 of its 25 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 26 Jan 2025.
Builds on
15 of 25 references.
Closest ancestors · 1
Same direction, newest first
Other references · 14
- 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,399
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- 2019Exploring the Limits of Transfer Learning with a Unified Text-to-Text Transformercited by 14,599
- 2020Measuring Massive Multitask Language Understandingcited by 7,963
- 2021Measuring Mathematical Problem Solving With the MATH Datasetcited by 5,371
- 2018GLUE: A Multi-Task Benchmark and Analysis Platform for Natural Language Understandingcited by 4,899
- 2024GPT-4o System Cardcited by 4,588
- 2023MathVista: Evaluating Mathematical Reasoning of Foundation Models in Visual Contextscited by 1,614
- 2019ClinicalBERT: Modeling Clinical Notes and Predicting Hospital Readmissioncited by 493
- 2021Documenting Large Webtext Corpora: A Case Study on the Colossal Clean Crawled Corpuscited by 492
- 2024MLE-bench: Evaluating Machine Learning Agents on Machine Learning Engineeringcited by 469
- 2019Analysing Mathematical Reasoning Abilities of Neural Modelscited by 335
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2025: 4; 2026: 1.
5 papers.
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- 2025Measuring Data Science Automation: A Survey of Evaluation Tools for AI Assistants and Agentscited by 4
- 2025Make Still Further Progress: Chain of Thoughts for Tabular Data Leaderboardcited by 3
- 2026AgentDS Technical Report: Benchmarking the Future of Human-AI Collaboration in Domain-Specific Data Sciencecited by 2
- 2026AgentDS Technical Report: Benchmarking the Future of Human-AI Collaboration in Domain-Specific Data Science19 Mar 2026
- 2025Reinforcement Learning for Machine Learning Engineering Agents1 Sep 2025
- 2025Measuring Data Science Automation: A Survey of Evaluation Tools for AI Assistants and Agents10 Jun 2025
- 2025Make Still Further Progress: Chain of Thoughts for Tabular Data Leaderboard19 May 2025
- 2025Towards Reasoning Era: A Survey of Long Chain-of-Thought for Reasoning Large Language Models12 Mar 2025
Similar, not cited
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