mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

VERUS-LM: a Versatile Framework for Combining LLMs with Symbolic Reasoning

arXiv 2501.14540 ↗First posted 24 Jan 2025cs.AIcited by 12

On the map: LLM reasoning → Reasoning benchmarks and evaluation

Abstract (arXiv)

A recent approach to neurosymbolic reasoning is to explicitly combine the strengths of large language models (LLMs) and symbolic solvers to tackle complex reasoning tasks. However, current approaches face significant limitations, including poor generalizability due to task-specific prompts, inefficiencies caused by the lack of separation between knowledge and queries, and restricted inferential capabilities. These shortcomings hinder their scalability and applicability across diverse domains. In this paper, we introduce VERUS-LM, a novel framework designed to address these challenges. VERUS-LM employs a generic prompting mechanism, clearly separates domain knowledge from queries, and supports a wide range of different logical reasoning tasks. This framework enhances adaptability, reduces computational cost, and allows for richer forms of reasoning, such as optimization and constraint satisfaction. We show that our approach succeeds in diverse reasoning on a novel dataset, markedly outperforming LLMs. Additionally, our system achieves competitive results on common reasoning benchmarks when compared to similar state-of-the-art approaches, and significantly surpasses them on the difficult AR-LSAT dataset. By pushing the boundaries of hybrid reasoning, VERUS-LM represents a significant step towards more versatile neurosymbolic AI systems.

Key facts. Cited by 12 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in Reasoning benchmarks and evaluation, one of 17 directions in LLM reasoning. Builds on 20 of its 38 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 24 Jan 2025.

Builds on

20 of 38 references.

Closest ancestors · 8

Same direction, newest first

  1. 2024Multi-Step Reasoning with Large Language Models, a Survey16 Jul
  2. 2023LINC: A Neurosymbolic Approach for Logical Reasoning by Combining Language Models with First-Order Logic Provers23 Oct
  3. 2023Coupling Large Language Models with Logic Programming for Robust and General Reasoning from Text15 Jul
  4. 2023Reasoning or Reciting? Exploring the Capabilities and Limitations of Language Models Through Counterfactual Tasks5 Jul
  5. 2023Logic-LM: Empowering Large Language Models with Symbolic Solvers for Faithful Logical Reasoning20 May
  6. 2022Towards Reasoning in Large Language Models: A Survey20 Dec
  7. 2022Language Models Are Greedy Reasoners: A Systematic Formal Analysis of Chain-of-Thought3 Oct
  8. 2022FOLIO: Natural Language Reasoning with First-Order Logic2 Sep

Other references · 12

  1. 2023GPT-4 Technical Reportcited by 18,132
  2. 2019Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networkscited by 9,049
  3. 2023Self-Refine: Iterative Refinement with Self-Feedbackcited by 3,317
  4. 2022Beyond the Imitation Game: Quantifying and extrapolating the capabilities of language modelscited by 1,970
  5. 2024Phi-3 Technical Report: A Highly Capable Language Model Locally on Your Phonecited by 1,883
  6. 2023Teaching Large Language Models to Self-Debugcited by 963
  7. 2020ProofWriter: Generating Implications, Proofs, and Abductive Statements over Natural Languagecited by 309
  8. 2024Faithful Logical Reasoning via Symbolic Chain-of-Thoughtcited by 99
  9. 2021AR-LSAT: Investigating Analytical Reasoning of Textcited by 49
  10. 2023Leveraging Large Language Models to Generate Answer Set Programscited by 33
  11. 2022Interactive configurator with FO(.) and IDP-Z3cited by 2
  12. 2023Knowledge-Based Support for Adhesive Selection: Will it Stick?cited by 1

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2025: 8; 2026: 4.

12 papers.

Similar, not cited

Close in wording, no citation either way

  1. 2024Leveraging LLMs for Hypothetical Deduction in Logical Inference: A Neuro-Symbolic Approach
  2. 2025Neuro-Symbolic Artificial Intelligence: Towards Improving the Reasoning Abilities of Large Language Models
  3. 2024Reliable Reasoning Beyond Natural Language
  4. 2025Current Practices for Building LLM-Powered Reasoning Tools Are Ad Hoc -- and We Can Do Better
  5. 2025Improving Rule-based Reasoning in LLMs using Neurosymbolic Representations
  6. 2025Intermediate Languages Matter: Formal Languages and LLMs affect Neurosymbolic Reasoning
  7. 2024LOGIC-LM++: Multi-Step Refinement for Symbolic Formulations
  8. 2025Intermediate Languages Matter: Formal Choice Drives Neurosymbolic LLM Reasoning