mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Self-Supervised Learning for Detecting AI-Generated Faces as Anomalies

arXiv 2501.02207 ↗First posted 4 Jan 2025cs.CVcited by 3

Not on the map. Why?

Abstract (arXiv)

The detection of AI-generated faces is commonly approached as a binary classification task. Nevertheless, the resulting detectors frequently struggle to adapt to novel AI face generators, which evolve rapidly. In this paper, we describe an anomaly detection method for AI-generated faces by leveraging self-supervised learning of camera-intrinsic and face-specific features purely from photographic face images. The success of our method lies in designing a pretext task that trains a feature extractor to rank four ordinal exchangeable image file format (EXIF) tags and classify artificially manipulated face images. Subsequently, we model the learned feature distribution of photographic face images using a Gaussian mixture model. Faces with low likelihoods are flagged as AI-generated. Both quantitative and qualitative experiments validate the effectiveness of our method. Our code is available at urlhttps://github.com/MZMMSEC/AIGFDEXIF.git.

Key facts. Cited by 3 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 36 of its 52 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 4 Jan 2025.

Builds on

36 of 52 references.

References · 36

  1. 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 51,809
  2. 2014Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimizationcited by 36,960
  3. 2021Learning Transferable Visual Models From Natural Language Supervisioncited by 33,456
  4. 2021High-Resolution Image Synthesis with Latent Diffusion Modelscited by 18,694
  5. 2020Denoising Diffusion Implicit Modelscited by 9,655
  6. 2016SGDR: Stochastic Gradient Descent with Warm Restartscited by 4,993
  7. 2023SDXL: Improving Latent Diffusion Models for High-Resolution Image Synthesiscited by 4,290
  8. 2019Analyzing and Improving the Image Quality of StyleGANcited by 3,580
  9. 2020Taming Transformers for High-Resolution Image Synthesiscited by 3,229
  10. 2017Progressive Growing of GANs for Improved Quality, Stability, and Variationcited by 2,967
  11. 2016Learning without Forgettingcited by 2,465
  12. 2019CNN-generated images are surprisingly easy to spot... for nowcited by 842
24 more
  1. 2017How far are we from solving the 2D & 3D Face Alignment problem? (and a dataset of 230,000 3D facial landmarks)cited by 524
  2. 2020Leveraging Frequency Analysis for Deep Fake Image Recognitioncited by 501
  3. 2023Towards Universal Fake Image Detectors that Generalize Across Generative Modelscited by 483
  4. 2023Aligning Text-to-Image Models using Human Feedbackcited by 418
  5. 2023DIRE for Diffusion-Generated Image Detectioncited by 386
  6. 2018Exposing Deep Fakes Using Inconsistent Head Posescited by 294
  7. 2023FreeDoM: Training-Free Energy-Guided Conditional Diffusion Modelcited by 290
  8. 2022On the detection of synthetic images generated by diffusion modelscited by 282
  9. 2020Watch your Up-Convolution: CNN Based Generative Deep Neural Networks are Failing to Reproduce Spectral Distributionscited by 278
  10. 2021Generalizing Face Forgery Detection with High-frequency Featurescited by 261
  11. 2020Global Texture Enhancement for Fake Face Detection in the Wildcited by 220
  12. 2021General Facial Representation Learning in a Visual-Linguistic Mannercited by 193
  13. 2021Are GAN generated images easy to detect? A critical analysis of the state-of-the-artcited by 139
  14. 2018Fighting Fake News: Image Splice Detection via Learned Self-Consistencycited by 136
  15. 2022Leveraging Real Talking Faces via Self-Supervision for Robust Forgery Detectioncited by 130
  16. 2023Intriguing properties of synthetic images: from generative adversarial networks to diffusion modelscited by 121
  17. 2019DeepPrivacy: A Generative Adversarial Network for Face Anonymizationcited by 108
  18. 2020Exposing GAN-generated Faces Using Inconsistent Corneal Specular Highlightscited by 59
  19. 2024Zero-Shot Detection of AI-Generated Imagescited by 50
  20. 2021Eyes Tell All: Irregular Pupil Shapes Reveal GAN-generated Facescited by 48
  21. 2024Diffusion Facial Forgery Detectioncited by 41
  22. 2024DiffusionFace: Towards a Comprehensive Dataset for Diffusion-Based Face Forgery Analysiscited by 29
  23. 2023EXIF as Language: Learning Cross-Modal Associations Between Images and Camera Metadatacited by 17
  24. 2024Semantics-Oriented Multitask Learning for DeepFake Detection: A Joint Embedding Approachcited by 4

Built on by

Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2025: 2; 2026: 1.

3 papers.

  1. 2025Bi-Level Optimization for Self-Supervised AI-Generated Face Detectioncited by 4
  2. 2025DGS-Net: Distillation-Guided Gradient Surgery for CLIP Fine-Tuning in AI-Generated Image Detectioncited by 4
  3. 2026Color Matters: Demosaicing-Guided Color Correlation Training for Generalizable AI-Generated Image Detectioncited by 0