Analyzing Images of Legal Documents: Toward Multi-Modal LLMs for Access to Justice
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Abstract (arXiv)
Interacting with the legal system and the government requires the assembly and analysis of various pieces of information that can be spread across different (paper) documents, such as forms, certificates and contracts (e.g. leases). This information is required in order to understand one's legal rights, as well as to fill out forms to file claims in court or obtain government benefits. However, finding the right information, locating the correct forms and filling them out can be challenging for laypeople. Large language models (LLMs) have emerged as a powerful technology that has the potential to address this gap, but still rely on the user to provide the correct information, which may be challenging and error-prone if the information is only available in complex paper documents. We present an investigation into utilizing multi-modal LLMs to analyze images of handwritten paper forms, in order to automatically extract relevant information in a structured format. Our initial results are promising, but reveal some limitations (e.g., when the image quality is low). Our work demonstrates the potential of integrating multi-modal LLMs to support laypeople and self-represented litigants in finding and assembling relevant information.
Key facts. Cited by 4 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 11 of its 36 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 16 Dec 2024.
Builds on
11 of 36 references.
References · 11
- 2023GPT-4 Technical Reportcited by 18,396
- 2022Legal Prompting: Teaching a Language Model to Think Like a Lawyercited by 60
- 2023Explaining Legal Concepts with Augmented Large Language Models (GPT-4)cited by 40
- 2023Blind Judgement: Agent-Based Supreme Court Modelling With GPTcited by 38
- 2023Unlocking Practical Applications in Legal Domain: Evaluation of GPT for Zero-Shot Semantic Annotation of Legal Textscited by 33
- 2023Using Large Language Models to Support Thematic Analysis in Empirical Legal Studiescited by 25
- 2024Robots in the Middle: Evaluating LLMs in Dispute Resolutioncited by 14
- 2023Black-Box Analysis: GPTs Across Time in Legal Textual Entailment Taskcited by 6
- 2024Getting in the Door: Streamlining Intake in Civil Legal Services with Large Language Modelscited by 6
- 2024Using LLMs to Discover Legal Factorscited by 5
- 2023Weaving Pathways for Justice with GPT: LLM-driven automated drafting of interactive legal applicationscited by 2
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2025: 2; 2026: 2.
4 papers.
- 2025LegalWebAgent: Empowering Access to Justice via LLM-Based Web Agentscited by 1
- 2025Judging by Appearances? Auditing and Intervening Vision-Language Models for Bail Predictioncited by 0
- 2026Can You Trust What You See? Human and AI Detection of Synthetic Legal Evidencecited by 0
- 2026In With the Old: Enhancing 'Classical' Document Automation with Generative AIcited by 0
- 2026In With the Old: Enhancing 'Classical' Document Automation with Generative AI5 Oct 2026
- 2026Can You Trust What You See? Human and AI Detection of Synthetic Legal Evidence29 May 2026
- 2025LegalWebAgent: Empowering Access to Justice via LLM-Based Web Agents28 Nov 2025
- 2025Judging by Appearances? Auditing and Intervening Vision-Language Models for Bail Prediction30 Sep 2025
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- 2026Evaluation of Large Language Models in Legal Applications: Challenges, Methods, and Future Directions
- 2025Structured Definitions and Segmentations for Legal Reasoning in LLMs: A Study on Indian Legal Data
- 2025Can Multi-modal (reasoning) LLMs detect document manipulation?
- 2023LawBench: Benchmarking Legal Knowledge of Large Language Models
- 2023One Law, Many Languages: Benchmarking Multilingual Legal Reasoning for Judicial Support
- 2023Large Language Models as Tax Attorneys: A Case Study in Legal Capabilities Emergence
- 2026Can Small Models Reason About Legal Documents? A Comparative Study