Inf-MLLM: Efficient Streaming Inference of Multimodal Large Language Models on a Single GPU
On the map: Multimodal LLMs / vision-language models → Visual token pruning and efficiency
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Abstract (arXiv)
Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) are distinguished by their multimodal comprehensive ability and widely used in many real-world applications including GPT-4o, autonomous driving and robotics. Despite their impressive performance, the multimodal inputs always incur long context. The inference under long context requires caching massive Key and Value states (KV cache) of previous tokens, which introduces high latency and excessive memory consumption. Due to this reason, it is challenging to deploy streaming inference of MLLMs on edge devices, which largely constrains the power and usage of MLLMs in real-world applications. In this paper, we introduce Inf-MLLM, an efficient inference framework for MLLMs, which enable streaming inference of MLLM on a single GPU with infinite context. Inf-MLLM is based on our key observation of the attention pattern in both LLMs and MLLMs called "attention saddles". Thanks to the newly discovered attention pattern, Inf-MLLM maintains a size-constrained KV cache by dynamically caching recent tokens and relevant tokens. Furthermore, Inf-MLLM proposes attention bias, a novel approach to enable MLLMs to capture long-term dependency. We show that Inf-MLLM enables multiple LLMs and MLLMs to achieve stable performance over 4M-token long texts and multi-round conversations with 1-hour-long videos on a single GPU. In addition, Inf-MLLM exhibits superior streaming reasoning quality than existing methods such as StreamingLLM and 2x speedup than H2O.
Key facts. Cited by 20 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Placed in Visual token pruning and efficiency, one of 16 directions in Multimodal LLMs / vision-language models. Builds on 18 of its 32 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 11 Sep 2024.
Builds on
18 of 32 references.
References · 18
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- 2022FlashAttention: Fast and Memory-Efficient Exact Attention with IO-Awarenesscited by 3,673
- 2020Longformer: The Long-Document Transformercited by 3,413
- 2023Efficient Streaming Language Models with Attention Sinkscited by 2,186
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- 2023SEED-Bench: Benchmarking Multimodal LLMs with Generative Comprehensioncited by 940
- 2024SnapKV: LLM Knows What You are Looking for Before Generationcited by 880
6 more
- 2023Extending Context Window of Large Language Models via Positional Interpolationcited by 740
- 2019Compressive Transformers for Long-Range Sequence Modellingcited by 726
- 2021CSWin Transformer: A General Vision Transformer Backbone with Cross-Shaped Windowscited by 527
- 2017TGIF-QA: Toward Spatio-Temporal Reasoning in Visual Question Answeringcited by 378
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- 2019Adaptive Attention Span in Transformerscited by 149
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Citing papers per year: 2024: 3; 2025: 10; 2026: 7.
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- 2025Thinking with Images for Multimodal Reasoning: Foundations, Methods, and Future Frontierscited by 199
- 2025TimeChat-Online: 80% Visual Tokens are Naturally Redundant in Streaming Videoscited by 97
- 2024ClusterKV: Manipulating LLM KV Cache in Semantic Space for Recallable Compressioncited by 65
- 2025StreamAgent: Towards Anticipatory Agents for Streaming Video Understandingcited by 33
- 2025ModServe: Modality- and Stage-Aware Resource Disaggregation for Scalable Multimodal Model Servingcited by 18
- 2024Efficiently Serving Large Multimodal Models Using EPD Disaggregationcited by 16
- 2025InfiniteVL: Synergizing Linear and Sparse Attention for Highly-Efficient, Unlimited-Input Vision-Language Modelscited by 10
- 2025StreamingAssistant: Efficient Visual Token Pruning for Accelerating Online Video Understandingcited by 10
- 2026MoRe: Motion-aware Feed-forward 4D Reconstruction Transformercited by 9
- 2026Efficient Inference for Large Vision-Language Models: Bottlenecks, Techniques, and Prospectscited by 9
- 2025ElasticMM: Efficient Multimodal LLMs Serving with Elastic Multimodal Parallelismcited by 7
- 2026Toward Native Multimodal Modeling: A Roadmapcited by 7
8 more
- 2026StreamOV: Streaming Omni-Video Understanding via Evidence-Guided Memory and Response Triggeringcited by 5
- 2025xLLM Technical Reportcited by 3
- 2024EMMA: Empowering Multi-modal Mamba with Structural and Hierarchical Alignmentcited by 2
- 2025Free-MoRef: Instantly Multiplexing Context Perception Capabilities of Video-MLLMs within Single Inferencecited by 2
- 2026WAT: Online Video Understanding Needs Watching Before Thinkingcited by 2
- 2025Enabling Disaggregated Multi-Stage MLLM Inference via GPU-Internal Scheduling and Resource Sharingcited by 1
- 2026TCM-Serve: Modality-aware Scheduling for Multimodal Large Language Model Inferencecited by 0
- 2026Convex Optimization for Alignment and Preference Learning on a Single GPUcited by 0
- 2026StreamOV: Streaming Omni-Video Understanding via Evidence-Guided Memory and Response Triggering25 May 2026
- 2026Toward Native Multimodal Modeling: A Roadmap25 May 2026
- 2026Convex Optimization for Alignment and Preference Learning on a Single GPU22 May 2026
- 2026Efficient Inference for Large Vision-Language Models: Bottlenecks, Techniques, and Prospects7 Apr 2026
- 2026TCM-Serve: Modality-aware Scheduling for Multimodal Large Language Model Inference27 Mar 2026
- 2026WAT: Online Video Understanding Needs Watching Before Thinking12 Mar 2026
- 2026MoRe: Motion-aware Feed-forward 4D Reconstruction Transformer5 Mar 2026
- 2025Enabling Disaggregated Multi-Stage MLLM Inference via GPU-Internal Scheduling and Resource Sharing19 Dec 2025
- 2025StreamingAssistant: Efficient Visual Token Pruning for Accelerating Online Video Understanding14 Dec 2025
- 2025InfiniteVL: Synergizing Linear and Sparse Attention for Highly-Efficient, Unlimited-Input Vision-Language Models9 Dec 2025
- 2025xLLM Technical Report16 Oct 2025
- 2025Free-MoRef: Instantly Multiplexing Context Perception Capabilities of Video-MLLMs within Single Inference4 Aug 2025
8 more
- 2025StreamAgent: Towards Anticipatory Agents for Streaming Video Understanding3 Aug 2025
- 2025ElasticMM: Efficient Multimodal LLMs Serving with Elastic Multimodal Parallelism14 Jul 2025
- 2025Thinking with Images for Multimodal Reasoning: Foundations, Methods, and Future Frontiers30 Jun 2025
- 2025TimeChat-Online: 80% Visual Tokens are Naturally Redundant in Streaming Videos24 Apr 2025
- 2025ModServe: Modality- and Stage-Aware Resource Disaggregation for Scalable Multimodal Model Serving2 Feb 2025
- 2024Efficiently Serving Large Multimodal Models Using EPD Disaggregation25 Dec 2024
- 2024ClusterKV: Manipulating LLM KV Cache in Semantic Space for Recallable Compression4 Dec 2024
- 2024EMMA: Empowering Multi-modal Mamba with Structural and Hierarchical Alignment8 Oct 2024
- 2025ModServe: Modality- and Stage-Aware Resource Disaggregation for Scalable Multimodal Model Servingcited by 18
- 2024Efficiently Serving Large Multimodal Models Using EPD Disaggregationcited by 16
- 2025InfiniteVL: Synergizing Linear and Sparse Attention for Highly-Efficient, Unlimited-Input Vision-Language Modelscited by 10
- 2025ElasticMM: Efficient Multimodal LLMs Serving with Elastic Multimodal Parallelismcited by 7
- 2025Free-MoRef: Instantly Multiplexing Context Perception Capabilities of Video-MLLMs within Single Inferencecited by 2
- 2025Enabling Disaggregated Multi-Stage MLLM Inference via GPU-Internal Scheduling and Resource Sharingcited by 1
- 2026TCM-Serve: Modality-aware Scheduling for Multimodal Large Language Model Inferencecited by 0
- 2026TCM-Serve: Modality-aware Scheduling for Multimodal Large Language Model Inference27 Mar 2026
- 2025Enabling Disaggregated Multi-Stage MLLM Inference via GPU-Internal Scheduling and Resource Sharing19 Dec 2025
- 2025InfiniteVL: Synergizing Linear and Sparse Attention for Highly-Efficient, Unlimited-Input Vision-Language Models9 Dec 2025
- 2025Free-MoRef: Instantly Multiplexing Context Perception Capabilities of Video-MLLMs within Single Inference4 Aug 2025
- 2025ElasticMM: Efficient Multimodal LLMs Serving with Elastic Multimodal Parallelism14 Jul 2025
- 2025ModServe: Modality- and Stage-Aware Resource Disaggregation for Scalable Multimodal Model Serving2 Feb 2025
- 2024Efficiently Serving Large Multimodal Models Using EPD Disaggregation25 Dec 2024
- 2025Thinking with Images for Multimodal Reasoning: Foundations, Methods, and Future Frontierscited by 199
- 2024ClusterKV: Manipulating LLM KV Cache in Semantic Space for Recallable Compressioncited by 65
- 2026Efficient Inference for Large Vision-Language Models: Bottlenecks, Techniques, and Prospectscited by 9
- 2026WAT: Online Video Understanding Needs Watching Before Thinkingcited by 2
- 2026Efficient Inference for Large Vision-Language Models: Bottlenecks, Techniques, and Prospects7 Apr 2026
- 2026WAT: Online Video Understanding Needs Watching Before Thinking12 Mar 2026
- 2025Thinking with Images for Multimodal Reasoning: Foundations, Methods, and Future Frontiers30 Jun 2025
- 2024ClusterKV: Manipulating LLM KV Cache in Semantic Space for Recallable Compression4 Dec 2024
- 2026Toward Native Multimodal Modeling: A Roadmapcited by 7
- 2026Toward Native Multimodal Modeling: A Roadmap25 May 2026
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- 2026Reducing Peak Memory Usage for Modern Multimodal Large Language Model Pipelines
- 2026HybridKV: Hybrid KV Cache Compression for Efficient Multimodal Large Language Model Inference
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