Crowd-Calibrator: Can Annotator Disagreement Inform Calibration in Subjective Tasks?
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Abstract (arXiv)
Subjective tasks in NLP have been mostly relegated to objective standards, where the gold label is decided by taking the majority vote. This obfuscates annotator disagreement and the inherent uncertainty of the label. We argue that subjectivity should factor into model decisions and play a direct role via calibration under a selective prediction setting. Specifically, instead of calibrating confidence purely from the model's perspective, we calibrate models for subjective tasks based on crowd worker agreement. Our method, Crowd-Calibrator, models the distance between the distribution of crowd worker labels and the model's own distribution over labels to inform whether the model should abstain from a decision. On two highly subjective tasks, hate speech detection and natural language inference, our experiments show Crowd-Calibrator either outperforms or achieves competitive performance with existing selective prediction baselines. Our findings highlight the value of bringing human decision-making into model predictions.
Key facts. Cited by 13 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 51 of its 79 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 26 Aug 2024.
Builds on
51 of 79 references.
References · 51
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38 more
- 2017Automated Hate Speech Detection and the Problem of Offensive Languagecited by 736
- 2020How Can We Know When Language Models Know? On the Calibration of Language Models for Question Answeringcited by 445
- 2018Do Deep Generative Models Know What They Don't Know?cited by 443
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- 2021Agreeing to Disagree: Annotating Offensive Language Datasets with Annotators' Disagreementcited by 72
- 2022Stop Measuring Calibration When Humans Disagreecited by 71
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Citing papers per year: 2024: 1; 2025: 4; 2026: 8.
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- 2025Neither Valid nor Reliable? Investigating the Use of LLMs as Judgescited by 39
- 2025Diversity-Enhanced Reasoning for Subjective Questionscited by 9
- 2025GRACE: A Granular Benchmark for Evaluating Model Calibration against Human Calibrationcited by 5
- 2025HintsOfTruth: A Multimodal Checkworthiness Detection Dataset with Real and Synthetic Claimscited by 4
- 2026LLMs Capture Emotion Labels, Not Emotion Uncertainty: Distributional Analysis and Calibration of Human-LLM Judgment Gapscited by 4
- 2024Efficient Annotator Reliability Assessment and Sample Weighting for Knowledge-Based Misinformation Detection on Social Mediacited by 1
- 2026Confidence Calibration under Ambiguous Ground Truthcited by 1
- 2026Not All Subjectivity Is the Same! Defining Desiderata for the Evaluation of Subjectivity in NLPcited by 0
- 2026Understanding Annotator Safety Policy with Interpretabilitycited by 0
- 2026Beyond Majority Voting: Agreement-Based Clustering to Model Annotator Perspectives in Subjective NLP Taskscited by 0
- 2026Metric-Dependent Annotation Saturation for Learning from Label Distributionscited by 0
- 2026Aggregate-then-Calibrate for Human-centered Assessment with Theoretical Guaranteescited by 0
- 2026Predicting Human Disagreement for Calibrated Dynamic Facial Expression Recognition15 Sep 2026
- 2026Aggregate-then-Calibrate for Human-centered Assessment with Theoretical Guarantees3 Aug 2026
- 2026Metric-Dependent Annotation Saturation for Learning from Label Distributions28 May 2026
- 2026Beyond Majority Voting: Agreement-Based Clustering to Model Annotator Perspectives in Subjective NLP Tasks11 May 2026
- 2026Understanding Annotator Safety Policy with Interpretability6 May 2026
- 2026LLMs Capture Emotion Labels, Not Emotion Uncertainty: Distributional Analysis and Calibration of Human-LLM Judgment Gaps30 Apr 2026
- 2026Not All Subjectivity Is the Same! Defining Desiderata for the Evaluation of Subjectivity in NLP30 Mar 2026
- 2026Confidence Calibration under Ambiguous Ground Truth24 Mar 2026
- 2025Neither Valid nor Reliable? Investigating the Use of LLMs as Judges25 Aug 2025
- 2025Diversity-Enhanced Reasoning for Subjective Questions27 Jul 2025
- 2025GRACE: A Granular Benchmark for Evaluating Model Calibration against Human Calibration27 Feb 2025
- 2025HintsOfTruth: A Multimodal Checkworthiness Detection Dataset with Real and Synthetic Claims17 Feb 2025
- 2025Diversity-Enhanced Reasoning for Subjective Questionscited by 9
- 2025Diversity-Enhanced Reasoning for Subjective Questions27 Jul 2025
- 2025Neither Valid nor Reliable? Investigating the Use of LLMs as Judgescited by 39
- 2025GRACE: A Granular Benchmark for Evaluating Model Calibration against Human Calibrationcited by 5
- 2025HintsOfTruth: A Multimodal Checkworthiness Detection Dataset with Real and Synthetic Claimscited by 4
- 2026LLMs Capture Emotion Labels, Not Emotion Uncertainty: Distributional Analysis and Calibration of Human-LLM Judgment Gapscited by 4
- 2024Efficient Annotator Reliability Assessment and Sample Weighting for Knowledge-Based Misinformation Detection on Social Mediacited by 1
- 2026Confidence Calibration under Ambiguous Ground Truthcited by 1
- 2026Not All Subjectivity Is the Same! Defining Desiderata for the Evaluation of Subjectivity in NLPcited by 0
- 2026Understanding Annotator Safety Policy with Interpretabilitycited by 0
- 2026Beyond Majority Voting: Agreement-Based Clustering to Model Annotator Perspectives in Subjective NLP Taskscited by 0
- 2026Metric-Dependent Annotation Saturation for Learning from Label Distributionscited by 0
- 2026Aggregate-then-Calibrate for Human-centered Assessment with Theoretical Guaranteescited by 0
- 2026Predicting Human Disagreement for Calibrated Dynamic Facial Expression Recognitioncited by 0
- 2026Predicting Human Disagreement for Calibrated Dynamic Facial Expression Recognition15 Sep 2026
- 2026Aggregate-then-Calibrate for Human-centered Assessment with Theoretical Guarantees3 Aug 2026
- 2026Metric-Dependent Annotation Saturation for Learning from Label Distributions28 May 2026
- 2026Beyond Majority Voting: Agreement-Based Clustering to Model Annotator Perspectives in Subjective NLP Tasks11 May 2026
- 2026Understanding Annotator Safety Policy with Interpretability6 May 2026
- 2026LLMs Capture Emotion Labels, Not Emotion Uncertainty: Distributional Analysis and Calibration of Human-LLM Judgment Gaps30 Apr 2026
- 2026Not All Subjectivity Is the Same! Defining Desiderata for the Evaluation of Subjectivity in NLP30 Mar 2026
- 2026Confidence Calibration under Ambiguous Ground Truth24 Mar 2026
- 2025Neither Valid nor Reliable? Investigating the Use of LLMs as Judges25 Aug 2025
- 2025GRACE: A Granular Benchmark for Evaluating Model Calibration against Human Calibration27 Feb 2025
- 2025HintsOfTruth: A Multimodal Checkworthiness Detection Dataset with Real and Synthetic Claims17 Feb 2025
- 2024Efficient Annotator Reliability Assessment and Sample Weighting for Knowledge-Based Misinformation Detection on Social Media18 Oct 2024