Domain Adaptation of Llama3-70B-Instruct through Continual Pre-Training and Model Merging: A Comprehensive Evaluation
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Abstract (arXiv)
We conducted extensive experiments on domain adaptation of the Meta-Llama-3-70B-Instruct model on SEC data, exploring its performance on both general and domain-specific benchmarks. Our focus included continual pre-training (CPT) and model merging, aiming to enhance the model's domain-specific capabilities while mitigating catastrophic forgetting. Through this study, we evaluated the impact of integrating financial regulatory data into a robust language model and examined the effectiveness of our model merging techniques in preserving and improving the model's instructive abilities. The model is accessible at hugging face: https://huggingface.co/arcee-ai/Llama-3-SEC-Base, arcee-ai/Llama-3-SEC-Base. This is an intermediate checkpoint of our final model, which has seen 20B tokens so far. The full model is still in the process of training. This is a preprint technical report with thorough evaluations to understand the entire process.
Key facts. Cited by 14 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 13 of its 22 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 21 Jun 2024.
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References · 13
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- 2023ZipIt! Merging Models from Different Tasks without Trainingcited by 178
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Citing papers per year: 2024: 4; 2025: 6; 2026: 4.
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- 2024Fine-tuning large language models for domain adaptation: Exploration of training strategies, scaling, model merging and synergistic capabilitiescited by 67
- 2024Foundational Large Language Models for Materials Researchcited by 18
- 2025Adapting Language-Specific LLMs to a Reasoning Model in One Day via Model Merging -- An Open Recipecited by 9
- 2025You Are What You Bought: Generating Customer Personas for E-commerce Applicationscited by 7
- 2024Merging in a Bottle: Differentiable Adaptive Merging (DAM) and the Path from Averaging to Automationcited by 3
- 2025Evaluating The Performance of Using Large Language Models to Automate Summarization of CT Simulation Orders in Radiation Oncologycited by 2
- 2025Merging Language and Domain Specific Models: The Impact on Technical Vocabulary Acquisitioncited by 2
- 2025Merging Continual Pretraining Models for Domain-Specialized LLMs: A Case Study in Financecited by 2
- 2026Updating Parametric Knowledge with Context Distillation Retains Post-Training Capabilitiescited by 2
- 2024Extracting and Combining Abilities For Building Multi-lingual Ability-enhanced Large Language Modelscited by 1
- 2026Can Continual Pre-training Bridge the Performance Gap between General-purpose and Specialized Language Models in the Medical Domain?cited by 1
- 2025Toward Automated and Trustworthy Scientific Analysis and Visualization with LLM-Generated Codecited by 0
- 2026Reading the News: Adapting Large Language Models to Swedish Journalism Through Continued Pre-Training31 Aug 2026
- 2026Can Continual Pre-training Bridge the Performance Gap between General-purpose and Specialized Language Models in the Medical Domain?21 Apr 2026
- 2026ImplicitBBQ: Benchmarking Implicit Bias in Large Language Models through Characteristic Based Cues2 Apr 2026
- 2026Updating Parametric Knowledge with Context Distillation Retains Post-Training Capabilities17 Feb 2026
- 2025Toward Automated and Trustworthy Scientific Analysis and Visualization with LLM-Generated Code26 Nov 2025
- 2025Merging Continual Pretraining Models for Domain-Specialized LLMs: A Case Study in Finance4 Nov 2025
- 2025You Are What You Bought: Generating Customer Personas for E-commerce Applications24 Apr 2025
- 2025Merging Language and Domain Specific Models: The Impact on Technical Vocabulary Acquisition17 Feb 2025
- 2025Adapting Language-Specific LLMs to a Reasoning Model in One Day via Model Merging -- An Open Recipe13 Feb 2025
- 2025Evaluating The Performance of Using Large Language Models to Automate Summarization of CT Simulation Orders in Radiation Oncology27 Jan 2025
- 2024Foundational Large Language Models for Materials Research12 Dec 2024
- 2024Merging in a Bottle: Differentiable Adaptive Merging (DAM) and the Path from Averaging to Automation10 Oct 2024
- 2024Foundational Large Language Models for Materials Researchcited by 18
- 2025You Are What You Bought: Generating Customer Personas for E-commerce Applicationscited by 7
- 2024Merging in a Bottle: Differentiable Adaptive Merging (DAM) and the Path from Averaging to Automationcited by 3
- 2025Evaluating The Performance of Using Large Language Models to Automate Summarization of CT Simulation Orders in Radiation Oncologycited by 2
- 2025Merging Language and Domain Specific Models: The Impact on Technical Vocabulary Acquisitioncited by 2
- 2026Updating Parametric Knowledge with Context Distillation Retains Post-Training Capabilitiescited by 2
- 2024Extracting and Combining Abilities For Building Multi-lingual Ability-enhanced Large Language Modelscited by 1
- 2026Can Continual Pre-training Bridge the Performance Gap between General-purpose and Specialized Language Models in the Medical Domain?cited by 1
- 2025Toward Automated and Trustworthy Scientific Analysis and Visualization with LLM-Generated Codecited by 0
- 2026ImplicitBBQ: Benchmarking Implicit Bias in Large Language Models through Characteristic Based Cuescited by 0
- 2026Reading the News: Adapting Large Language Models to Swedish Journalism Through Continued Pre-Trainingcited by 0
- 2026Reading the News: Adapting Large Language Models to Swedish Journalism Through Continued Pre-Training31 Aug 2026
- 2026Can Continual Pre-training Bridge the Performance Gap between General-purpose and Specialized Language Models in the Medical Domain?21 Apr 2026
- 2026ImplicitBBQ: Benchmarking Implicit Bias in Large Language Models through Characteristic Based Cues2 Apr 2026
- 2026Updating Parametric Knowledge with Context Distillation Retains Post-Training Capabilities17 Feb 2026
- 2025Toward Automated and Trustworthy Scientific Analysis and Visualization with LLM-Generated Code26 Nov 2025
- 2025You Are What You Bought: Generating Customer Personas for E-commerce Applications24 Apr 2025
- 2025Merging Language and Domain Specific Models: The Impact on Technical Vocabulary Acquisition17 Feb 2025
- 2025Evaluating The Performance of Using Large Language Models to Automate Summarization of CT Simulation Orders in Radiation Oncology27 Jan 2025
- 2024Foundational Large Language Models for Materials Research12 Dec 2024
- 2024Merging in a Bottle: Differentiable Adaptive Merging (DAM) and the Path from Averaging to Automation10 Oct 2024
- 2024Extracting and Combining Abilities For Building Multi-lingual Ability-enhanced Large Language Models10 Oct 2024