mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

ReMI: A Dataset for Reasoning with Multiple Images

arXiv 2406.09175 ↗First posted 13 Jun 2024cs.CV cs.CLcited by 27

On the map: LLM reasoning → Multimodal reasoning

Abstract (arXiv)

With the continuous advancement of large language models (LLMs), it is essential to create new benchmarks to effectively evaluate their expanding capabilities and identify areas for improvement. This work focuses on multi-image reasoning, an emerging capability in state-of-the-art LLMs. We introduce ReMI, a dataset designed to assess LLMs' ability to Reason with Multiple Images. This dataset encompasses a diverse range of tasks, spanning various reasoning domains such as math, physics, logic, code, table/chart understanding, and spatial and temporal reasoning. It also covers a broad spectrum of characteristics found in multi-image reasoning scenarios. We have benchmarked several cutting-edge LLMs using ReMI and found a substantial gap between their performance and human-level proficiency. This highlights the challenges in multi-image reasoning and the need for further research. Our analysis also reveals the strengths and weaknesses of different models, shedding light on the types of reasoning that are currently attainable and areas where future models require improvement. To foster further research in this area, we are releasing ReMI publicly: https://huggingface.co/datasets/mehrankazemi/ReMI.

Key facts. Cited by 27 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in Multimodal reasoning, one of 17 directions in LLM reasoning. Builds on 45 of its 67 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 13 Jun 2024.

Builds on

45 of 67 references.

Closest ancestors · 4

Same direction, newest first

  1. 2024The Curious Case of Nonverbal Abstract Reasoning with Multi-Modal Large Language Models22 Jan
  2. 2023MathVista: Evaluating Mathematical Reasoning of Foundation Models in Visual Contexts3 Oct
  3. 2023MMBench: Is Your Multi-modal Model an All-around Player?12 Jul
  4. 2022Learn to Explain: Multimodal Reasoning via Thought Chains for Science Question Answering20 Sep

Other references · 41

  1. 2023GPT-4 Technical Reportcited by 18,132
  2. 2014Microsoft COCO: Common Objects in Contextcited by 17,498
  3. 2022Chain-of-Thought Prompting Elicits Reasoning in Large Language Modelscited by 12,302
  4. 2021Training Verifiers to Solve Math Word Problemscited by 9,743
  5. 2023Visual Instruction Tuningcited by 7,792
  6. 2020Measuring Massive Multitask Language Understandingcited by 7,768
  7. 2023BLIP-2: Bootstrapping Language-Image Pre-training with Frozen Image Encoders and Large Language Modelscited by 6,069
  8. 2021Measuring Mathematical Problem Solving With the MATH Datasetcited by 5,203
  9. 2018Think you have Solved Question Answering? Try ARC, the AI2 Reasoning Challengecited by 4,710
  10. 2022Flamingo: a Visual Language Model for Few-Shot Learningcited by 4,337
  11. 2019HellaSwag: Can a Machine Really Finish Your Sentence?cited by 4,018
  12. 2024Gemini 1.5: Unlocking multimodal understanding across millions of tokens of contextcited by 3,175
29 more
  1. 2016Making the V in VQA Matter: Elevating the Role of Image Understanding in Visual Question Answeringcited by 2,498
  2. 2023MMMU: A Massive Multi-discipline Multimodal Understanding and Reasoning Benchmark for Expert AGIcited by 2,044
  3. 2022Beyond the Imitation Game: Quantifying and extrapolating the capabilities of language modelscited by 1,970
  4. 2019SuperGLUE: A Stickier Benchmark for General-Purpose Language Understanding Systemscited by 1,718
  5. 2023MME: A Comprehensive Evaluation Benchmark for Multimodal Large Language Modelscited by 1,624
  6. 2018Datasheets for Datasetscited by 1,371
  7. 2022Solving Quantitative Reasoning Problems with Language Modelscited by 1,359
  8. 2019OK-VQA: A Visual Question Answering Benchmark Requiring External Knowledgecited by 1,114
  9. 2016The LAMBADA dataset: Word prediction requiring a broad discourse contextcited by 960
  10. 2022PaLI: A Jointly-Scaled Multilingual Language-Image Modelcited by 762
  11. 2023VILA: On Pre-training for Visual Language Modelscited by 686
  12. 2021Multimodal Few-Shot Learning with Frozen Language Modelscited by 657
  13. 2023OpenFlamingo: An Open-Source Framework for Training Large Autoregressive Vision-Language Modelscited by 560
  14. 2023Language Is Not All You Need: Aligning Perception with Language Modelscited by 543
  15. 2024BLINK: Multimodal Large Language Models Can See but Not Perceivecited by 529
  16. 2022Language Models are Multilingual Chain-of-Thought Reasonerscited by 518
  17. 2018A Corpus for Reasoning About Natural Language Grounded in Photographscited by 457
  18. 2021Inter-GPS: Interpretable Geometry Problem Solving with Formal Language and Symbolic Reasoningcited by 376
  19. 2019Explain Yourself! Leveraging Language Models for Commonsense Reasoningcited by 367
  20. 2024What matters when building vision-language models?cited by 321
  21. 2020ProofWriter: Generating Implications, Proofs, and Abductive Statements over Natural Languagecited by 309
  22. 2024MANTIS: Interleaved Multi-Image Instruction Tuningcited by 212
  23. 2021Visually Grounded Reasoning across Languages and Culturescited by 188
  24. 2023Talk like a Graph: Encoding Graphs for Large Language Modelscited by 175
  25. 2023GeomVerse: A Systematic Evaluation of Large Models for Geometric Reasoningcited by 107
  26. 2023SEED-Bench-2: Benchmarking Multimodal Large Language Modelscited by 96
  27. 2024MileBench: Benchmarking MLLMs in Long Contextcited by 86
  28. 2023Testing the General Deductive Reasoning Capacity of Large Language Models Using OOD Examplescited by 84
  29. 2023BoardgameQA: A Dataset for Natural Language Reasoning with Contradictory Informationcited by 42

Built on by

Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2024: 8; 2025: 13; 2026: 6.

27 papers.

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  1. 2025Gemma 3 Technical Reportcited by 1,686
  2. 2024LLaVA-NeXT-Interleave: Tackling Multi-image, Video, and 3D in Large Multimodal Modelscited by 571
  3. 2025BIG-Bench Extra Hardcited by 123
  4. 2024MME-Survey: A Comprehensive Survey on Evaluation of Multimodal LLMscited by 72
  5. 2024Smaller, Weaker, Yet Better: Training LLM Reasoners via Compute-Optimal Samplingcited by 60
  6. 2025ZeroBench: An Impossible Visual Benchmark for Contemporary Large Multimodal Modelscited by 56
  7. 2025A Survey of Multimodal Retrieval-Augmented Generationcited by 37
  8. 2024MLLM-CompBench: A Comparative Reasoning Benchmark for Multimodal LLMscited by 32
  9. 2024MMIE: Massive Multimodal Interleaved Comprehension Benchmark for Large Vision-Language Modelscited by 32
  10. 2024UrBench: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Evaluating Large Multimodal Models in Multi-View Urban Scenarioscited by 28
  11. 2024MultiChartQA: Benchmarking Vision-Language Models on Multi-Chart Problemscited by 24
  12. 2025Identifying and Mitigating Position Bias of Multi-image Vision-Language Modelscited by 24
15 more
  1. 2025Why Reasoning Matters? A Survey of Advancements in Multimodal Reasoning (v1)cited by 23
  2. 2025UNO-Bench: A Unified Benchmark for Exploring the Compositional Law Between Uni-modal and Omni-modal in Omni Modelscited by 12
  3. 2025PeRL: Permutation-Enhanced Reinforcement Learning for Interleaved Vision-Language Reasoningcited by 11
  4. 2025Lost in Time: Clock and Calendar Understanding Challenges in Multimodal LLMscited by 10
  5. 2025MAVERIX: Multimodal Audio-Visual Evaluation and Recognition IndeXcited by 7
  6. 2024MineAgent: Towards Remote-Sensing Mineral Exploration with Multimodal Large Language Modelscited by 6
  7. 2025PairBench: Are Vision-Language Models Reliable at Comparing What They See?cited by 6
  8. 2026VLM-SubtleBench: How Far Are VLMs from Human-Level Subtle Comparative Reasoning?cited by 4
  9. 2026ARK: A Dual-Axis Multimodal Retrieval Benchmark along Reasoning and Knowledgecited by 3
  10. 2025Zooming from Context to Cue: Hierarchical Preference Optimization for Multi-Image MLLMscited by 2
  11. 2026ProactiveBench: Benchmarking Proactiveness in Multimodal Large Language Modelscited by 2
  12. 2026ChartDiff: A Large-Scale Benchmark for Comprehending Pairs of Chartscited by 2
  13. 2025Natural Language Generation from Visual Events: State-of-the-Art and Key Open Questionscited by 1
  14. 2026StemBind: When MLLMs Get Lost Between Rules and Instances in Abstract Visual Reasoningcited by 0
  15. 2026Invoice Haystack: Benchmarking Document Retrieval and Visual Question Answering Under Strong Visual Homogeneitycited by 0

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  1. 2025From Easy to Hard: The MIR Benchmark for Progressive Interleaved Multi-Image Reasoning
  2. 2026Visual Reasoning Benchmark: Evaluating Multimodal LLMs on Classroom-Authentic Visual Problems from Primary Education
  3. 2025Benchmarking Multimodal Mathematical Reasoning with Explicit Visual Dependency
  4. 2023DOMINO: A Dual-System for Multi-step Visual Language Reasoning
  5. 2025FLUX-Reason-6M & PRISM-Bench: A Million-Scale Text-to-Image Reasoning Dataset and Comprehensive Benchmark
  6. 2024REBUS: A Robust Evaluation Benchmark of Understanding Symbols
  7. 2024Benchmarking Multi-Image Understanding in Vision and Language Models: Perception, Knowledge, Reasoning, and Multi-Hop Reasoning
  8. 2024Polymath: A Challenging Multi-modal Mathematical Reasoning Benchmark