Vikhr: The Family of Open-Source Instruction-Tuned Large Language Models for Russian
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Abstract (arXiv)
There has been a surge in the development of various Large Language Models (LLMs). However, text generation for languages other than English often faces significant challenges, including poor generation quality and reduced computational performance due to the disproportionate representation of tokens in the model's vocabulary. In this work, we address these issues by developing a pipeline for the adaptation of English-oriented pre-trained models to other languages and constructing efficient bilingual LLMs. Using this pipeline, we construct Vikhr, a series of bilingual open-source instruction-following LLMs designed specifically for the Russian language. ``Vikhr'' refers to the name of the Mistral LLM series and means a ``strong gust of wind.'' Unlike previous Russian-language models that typically rely on LoRA adapters on top of English-oriented models, sacrificing performance for lower training costs, Vikhr features an adapted tokenizer vocabulary and undergoes the continued pre-training and instruction tuning of all weights. This not only enhances the model's performance but also significantly improves its computational and contextual efficiency. We also expanded the instruction datasets and corpora for continued pre-training. The model weights, instruction sets, and code are publicly available.
Key facts. Cited by 12 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 21 of its 33 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 22 May 2024.
Builds on
21 of 33 references.
References · 21
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9 more
- 2022mGPT: Few-Shot Learners Go Multilingualcited by 142
- 2024LLaMA Beyond English: An Empirical Study on Language Capability Transfercited by 95
- 2023Bactrian-X: Multilingual Replicable Instruction-Following Models with Low-Rank Adaptationcited by 81
- 2020RussianSuperGLUE: A Russian Language Understanding Evaluation Benchmarkcited by 53
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Citing papers per year: 2024: 5; 2025: 5; 2026: 2.
12 papers.
- 2024Benchmarking Uncertainty Quantification Methods for Large Language Models with LM-Polygraphcited by 105
- 2025NeuroStrike: Neuron-Level Attacks on Aligned LLMscited by 22
- 2024PingPong: A Benchmark for Role-Playing Language Models with User Emulation and Multi-Model Evaluationcited by 10
- 2024Facilitating large language model Russian adaptation with Learned Embedding Propagationcited by 8
- 2024Reliable, Reproducible, and Really Fast Leaderboards with Evalicacited by 3
- 2025Kuwain 1.5B: An Arabic SLM via Language Injectioncited by 3
- 2025T-pro 2.0: An Efficient Russian Hybrid-Reasoning Model and Playgroundcited by 2
- 2025Multimodal Stock Price Prediction: A Case Study of the Russian Securities Marketcited by 1
- 2026CLARIN-PT-LDB: An Open LLM Leaderboard for Portuguese to assess Language, Culture and Civilitycited by 1
- 2026From Production Traffic to Post-Training: Building a Self-Hosted LLM That Covers the Corporate Request Mixcited by 1
- 2024Key Algorithms for Keyphrase Generation: Instruction-Based LLMs for Russian Scientific Keyphrasescited by 0
- 2025Eye of Judgement: Dissecting the Evaluation of Russian-speaking LLMs with POLLUXcited by 0
- 2026From Production Traffic to Post-Training: Building a Self-Hosted LLM That Covers the Corporate Request Mix1 Sep 2026
- 2026CLARIN-PT-LDB: An Open LLM Leaderboard for Portuguese to assess Language, Culture and Civility13 Mar 2026
- 2025T-pro 2.0: An Efficient Russian Hybrid-Reasoning Model and Playground11 Dec 2025
- 2025NeuroStrike: Neuron-Level Attacks on Aligned LLMs15 Sep 2025
- 2025Eye of Judgement: Dissecting the Evaluation of Russian-speaking LLMs with POLLUX30 May 2025
- 2025Kuwain 1.5B: An Arabic SLM via Language Injection21 Apr 2025
- 2025Multimodal Stock Price Prediction: A Case Study of the Russian Securities Market5 Mar 2025
- 2024Facilitating large language model Russian adaptation with Learned Embedding Propagation30 Dec 2024
- 2024Reliable, Reproducible, and Really Fast Leaderboards with Evalica15 Dec 2024
- 2024Key Algorithms for Keyphrase Generation: Instruction-Based LLMs for Russian Scientific Keyphrases23 Oct 2024
- 2024PingPong: A Benchmark for Role-Playing Language Models with User Emulation and Multi-Model Evaluation10 Sep 2024
- 2024Benchmarking Uncertainty Quantification Methods for Large Language Models with LM-Polygraph21 Jun 2024