mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

Spotting AI's Touch: Identifying LLM-Paraphrased Spans in Text

arXiv 2405.12689 ↗First posted 21 May 2024cs.CL cs.AIcited by 16

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Abstract (arXiv)

AI-generated text detection has attracted increasing attention as powerful language models approach human-level generation. Limited work is devoted to detecting (partially) AI-paraphrased texts. However, AI paraphrasing is commonly employed in various application scenarios for text refinement and diversity. To this end, we propose a novel detection framework, paraphrased text span detection (PTD), aiming to identify paraphrased text spans within a text. Different from text-level detection, PTD takes in the full text and assigns each of the sentences with a score indicating the paraphrasing degree. We construct a dedicated dataset, PASTED, for paraphrased text span detection. Both in-distribution and out-of-distribution results demonstrate the effectiveness of PTD models in identifying AI-paraphrased text spans. Statistical and model analysis explains the crucial role of the surrounding context of the paraphrased text spans. Extensive experiments show that PTD models can generalize to versatile paraphrasing prompts and multiple paraphrased text spans. We release our resources at https://github.com/Linzwcs/PASTED.

Key facts. Cited by 16 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 26 of its 40 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 21 May 2024.

Builds on

26 of 40 references.

References · 26

  1. 2014Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimizationcited by 37,240
  2. 2020Language Models are Few-Shot Learnerscited by 32,419
  3. 2019Exploring the Limits of Transfer Learning with a Unified Text-to-Text Transformercited by 14,599
  4. 2019Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networkscited by 9,170
  5. 2020Longformer: The Long-Document Transformercited by 3,413
  6. 2023DetectGPT: Zero-Shot Machine-Generated Text Detection using Probability Curvaturecited by 726
  7. 2020Stanza: A Python Natural Language Processing Toolkit for Many Human Languagescited by 723
  8. 2019GLTR: Statistical Detection and Visualization of Generated Textcited by 496
  9. 2023Paraphrasing evades detectors of AI-generated text, but retrieval is an effective defensecited by 429
  10. 2023Can AI-Generated Text be Reliably Detected?cited by 386
  11. 2023Fast-DetectGPT: Efficient Zero-Shot Detection of Machine-Generated Text via Conditional Probability Curvaturecited by 287
  12. 2023RADAR: Robust AI-Text Detection via Adversarial Learningcited by 190
14 more
  1. 2023DNA-GPT: Divergent N-Gram Analysis for Training-Free Detection of GPT-Generated Textcited by 129
  2. 2020TweepFake: about Detecting Deepfake Tweetscited by 117
  3. 2019Real or Fake? Learning to Discriminate Machine from Human Generated Textcited by 99
  4. 2023On the Possibilities of AI-Generated Text Detectioncited by 88
  5. 2023OUTFOX: LLM-Generated Essay Detection Through In-Context Learning with Adversarially Generated Examplescited by 80
  6. 2023SeqXGPT: Sentence-Level AI-Generated Text Detectioncited by 56
  7. 2023Large Language Models can be Guided to Evade AI-Generated Text Detectioncited by 44
  8. 2023Origin Tracing and Detecting of LLMscited by 40
  9. 2022How Large Language Models are Transforming Machine-Paraphrased Plagiarismcited by 38
  10. 2022Quality Controlled Paraphrase Generationcited by 31
  11. 2023How Reliable Are AI-Generated-Text Detectors? An Assessment Framework Using Evasive Soft Promptscited by 23
  12. 2023A Ship of Theseus: Curious Cases of Paraphrasing in LLM-Generated Textscited by 23
  13. 2023Is ChatGPT Involved in Texts? Measure the Polish Ratio to Detect ChatGPT-Generated Textcited by 15
  14. 2023How You Prompt Matters! Even Task-Oriented Constraints in Instructions Affect LLM-Generated Text Detectioncited by 8

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Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2024: 4; 2025: 9; 2026: 3.

16 papers.

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  1. 2025TRAIL: Trace Reasoning and Agentic Issue Localizationcited by 104
  2. 2025HACo-Det: A Study Towards Fine-Grained Machine-Generated Text Detection under Human-AI Coauthoringcited by 15
  3. 2024GLIDER: Grading LLM Interactions and Decisions using Explainable Rankingcited by 14
  4. 2025Real, Fake, or Manipulated? Detecting Machine-Influenced Textcited by 6
  5. 2024Towards Reliable Detection of LLM-Generated Texts: A Comprehensive Evaluation Framework with CUDRTcited by 3
  6. 2024Unveiling Large Language Models Generated Texts: A Multi-Level Fine-Grained Detection Frameworkcited by 3
  7. 2025TempTest: Local Normalization Distortion and the Detection of Machine-generated Textcited by 3
  8. 2024Discourse Features Enhance Detection of Document-Level Machine-Generated Contentcited by 1
  9. 2025Detection Avoidance Techniques for Large Language Modelscited by 1
  10. 2025Adaptive Originality Filtering: Rejection Based Prompting and RiddleScore for Culturally Grounded Multilingual Riddle Generationcited by 1
  11. 2025The power of text similarity in identifying AI-LLM paraphrased documents: The case of BBC news articles and ChatGPTcited by 0
  12. 2025SENTRA: Selected-Next-Token Transformer for LLM Text Detectioncited by 0
4 more
  1. 2025Span-level Detection of AI-generated Scientific Text via Contrastive Learning and Structural Calibrationcited by 0
  2. 2026A Systematic Analysis of Linguistic Features in AI-Generated Text Detection Across Domains and Modelscited by 0
  3. 2026Detecting LLM-Generated Tokens in Human--LLM Coauthored Textcited by 0
  4. 2026Relational Over-Regularization: Graph-Based AI-Generated Text Detection via Sentence Transition Deviationcited by 0