mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

Realistic Evaluation of Toxicity in Large Language Models

arXiv 2405.10659 ↗First posted 17 May 2024cs.CL cs.AIcited by 15

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Abstract (arXiv)

Large language models (LLMs) have become integral to our professional workflows and daily lives. Nevertheless, these machine companions of ours have a critical flaw: the huge amount of data which endows them with vast and diverse knowledge, also exposes them to the inevitable toxicity and bias. While most LLMs incorporate defense mechanisms to prevent the generation of harmful content, these safeguards can be easily bypassed with minimal prompt engineering. In this paper, we introduce the new Thoroughly Engineered Toxicity (TET) dataset, comprising manually crafted prompts designed to nullify the protective layers of such models. Through extensive evaluations, we demonstrate the pivotal role of TET in providing a rigorous benchmark for evaluation of toxicity awareness in several popular LLMs: it highlights the toxicity in the LLMs that might remain hidden when using normal prompts, thus revealing subtler issues in their behavior.

Key facts. Cited by 15 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 12 of its 18 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 17 May 2024.

Builds on

12 of 18 references.

References · 12

  1. 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,399
  2. 2020Language Models are Few-Shot Learnerscited by 32,419
  3. 2023Llama 2: Open Foundation and Fine-Tuned Chat Modelscited by 13,028
  4. 2019HuggingFace's Transformers: State-of-the-art Natural Language Processingcited by 2,218
  5. 2020RealToxicityPrompts: Evaluating Neural Toxic Degeneration in Language Modelscited by 1,255
  6. 2023Llama Guard: LLM-based Input-Output Safeguard for Human-AI Conversationscited by 1,207
  7. 2023Zephyr: Direct Distillation of LM Alignmentcited by 506
  8. 2023Jailbreaking ChatGPT via Prompt Engineering: An Empirical Studycited by 498
  9. 2023Toxicity in ChatGPT: Analyzing Persona-assigned Language Modelscited by 360
  10. 2023PandaLM: An Automatic Evaluation Benchmark for LLM Instruction Tuning Optimizationcited by 316
  11. 2023OpenChat: Advancing Open-source Language Models with Mixed-Quality Datacited by 252
  12. 2020HateBERT: Retraining BERT for Abusive Language Detection in Englishcited by 207

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Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2024: 2; 2025: 10; 2026: 3.

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  1. 2024RTP-LX: Can LLMs Evaluate Toxicity in Multilingual Scenarios?
  2. 2026Do Prompts Guarantee Safety? Mitigating Toxicity from LLM Generations through Subspace Intervention
  3. 2026A Survey of Toxicity Detection and Mitigation Strategies for Multilingual Language Models
  4. 2025Rethinking Toxicity Evaluation in Large Language Models: A Multi-Label Perspective
  5. 2025Something Just Like TRuST : Toxicity Recognition of Span and Target
  6. 2025<think> So let's replace this phrase with insult... </think> Lessons learned from generation of toxic texts with LLMs
  7. 2024From One to Many: Expanding the Scope of Toxicity Mitigation in Language Models
  8. 2025Aligned Probing: Relating Toxic Behavior and Model Internals