Annotator-Centric Active Learning for Subjective NLP Tasks
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Abstract (arXiv)
Active Learning (AL) addresses the high costs of collecting human annotations by strategically annotating the most informative samples. However, for subjective NLP tasks, incorporating a wide range of perspectives in the annotation process is crucial to capture the variability in human judgments. We introduce Annotator-Centric Active Learning (ACAL), which incorporates an annotator selection strategy following data sampling. Our objective is two-fold: 1) to efficiently approximate the full diversity of human judgments, and 2) to assess model performance using annotator-centric metrics, which value minority and majority perspectives equally. We experiment with multiple annotator selection strategies across seven subjective NLP tasks, employing both traditional and novel, human-centered evaluation metrics. Our findings indicate that ACAL improves data efficiency and excels in annotator-centric performance evaluations. However, its success depends on the availability of a sufficiently large and diverse pool of annotators to sample from.
Key facts. Cited by 18 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 23 of its 55 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 24 Apr 2024.
Builds on
23 of 55 references.
References · 23
- 2016Simple and Scalable Predictive Uncertainty Estimation using Deep Ensemblescited by 3,926
- 2019HuggingFace's Transformers: State-of-the-art Natural Language Processingcited by 2,218
- 2019TinyBERT: Distilling BERT for Natural Language Understandingcited by 1,167
- 2019When Does Label Smoothing Help?cited by 988
- 2020A Survey of Deep Active Learningcited by 554
- 2021Dealing with Disagreements: Looking Beyond the Majority Vote in Subjective Annotationscited by 314
- 2019Human uncertainty makes classification more robustcited by 235
- 2022Fine-tuning language models to find agreement among humans with diverse preferencescited by 189
- 2020What Can We Learn from Collective Human Opinions on Natural Language Inference Data?cited by 153
- 2021Toward a Perspectivist Turn in Ground Truthing for Predictive Computingcited by 130
- 2023DICES Dataset: Diversity in Conversational AI Evaluation for Safetycited by 86
- 2023Sensitivity, Performance, Robustness: Deconstructing the Effect of Sociodemographic Promptingcited by 81
11 more
- 2021Agreeing to Disagree: Annotating Offensive Language Datasets with Annotators' Disagreementcited by 72
- 2022Stop Measuring Calibration When Humans Disagreecited by 71
- 2023The Ecological Fallacy in Annotation: Modelling Human Label Variation goes beyond Sociodemographicscited by 46
- 2022Eliciting and Learning with Soft Labels from Every Annotatorcited by 43
- 2024VariErr NLI: Separating Annotation Error from Human Label Variationcited by 42
- 2023Capturing Perspectives of Crowdsourced Annotators in Subjective Learning Taskscited by 29
- 2023ACTOR: Active Learning with Annotator-specific Classification Heads to Embrace Human Label Variationcited by 17
- 2023Do Differences in Values Influence Disagreements in Online Discussions?cited by 15
- 2023On the Limitations of Simulating Active Learningcited by 9
- 2024An Empirical Analysis of Diversity in Argument Summarizationcited by 9
- 2024A Hybrid Intelligence Method for Argument Miningcited by 6
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Citing papers per year: 2024: 3; 2025: 9; 2026: 6.
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- 2024Chasing Random: Instruction Selection Strategies Fail to Generalizecited by 13
- 2025Diversity-Enhanced Reasoning for Subjective Questionscited by 9
- 2025Towards a Perspectivist Turn in Argument Quality Assessmentcited by 5
- 2024A Multi-Task and Multi-Label Classification Model for Implicit Discourse Relation Recognitioncited by 4
- 2025HintsOfTruth: A Multimodal Checkworthiness Detection Dataset with Real and Synthetic Claimscited by 4
- 2025Revisiting Active Learning under (Human) Label Variationcited by 4
- 2025Will Annotators Disagree? Identifying Subjectivity in Value-Laden Argumentscited by 3
- 2024Facilitating Opinion Diversity through Hybrid NLP Approachescited by 2
- 2025Reassessing Active Learning Adoption in Contemporary NLP: A Community Surveycited by 2
- 2026Uncertainty Decomposition via Cyclical SG-MCMC and Soft-label Learning for Subjective NLPcited by 2
- 2025News is More than a Collection of Facts: Moral Frame Preserving News Summarizationcited by 1
- 2025Multi-Lingual Implicit Discourse Relation Recognition with Multi-Label Hierarchical Learningcited by 1
6 more
- 2026Quantifying and Predicting Disagreement in Graded Human Ratingscited by 1
- 2026Structuring the Space of Perspectivescited by 1
- 2025Kastor: Fine-tuned Small Language Models for Shape-based Active Relation Extractioncited by 0
- 2026Not All Subjectivity Is the Same! Defining Desiderata for the Evaluation of Subjectivity in NLPcited by 0
- 2026The Ghost Annotator: a Framework to Explore Human Label Variation in Content Moderation through Conformal Predictioncited by 0
- 2026Can Data Work be Reparative?cited by 0
- 2026Structuring the Space of Perspectives12 Aug 2026
- 2026Can Data Work be Reparative?8 Jun 2026
- 2026The Ghost Annotator: a Framework to Explore Human Label Variation in Content Moderation through Conformal Prediction1 Jun 2026
- 2026Uncertainty Decomposition via Cyclical SG-MCMC and Soft-label Learning for Subjective NLP23 May 2026
- 2026Quantifying and Predicting Disagreement in Graded Human Ratings1 May 2026
- 2026Not All Subjectivity Is the Same! Defining Desiderata for the Evaluation of Subjectivity in NLP30 Mar 2026
- 2025Kastor: Fine-tuned Small Language Models for Shape-based Active Relation Extraction5 Nov 2025
- 2025Will Annotators Disagree? Identifying Subjectivity in Value-Laden Arguments8 Sep 2025
- 2025Multi-Lingual Implicit Discourse Relation Recognition with Multi-Label Hierarchical Learning28 Aug 2025
- 2025Diversity-Enhanced Reasoning for Subjective Questions27 Jul 2025
- 2025Revisiting Active Learning under (Human) Label Variation3 Jul 2025
- 2025News is More than a Collection of Facts: Moral Frame Preserving News Summarization1 Apr 2025
6 more
- 2025Reassessing Active Learning Adoption in Contemporary NLP: A Community Survey12 Mar 2025
- 2025Towards a Perspectivist Turn in Argument Quality Assessment20 Feb 2025
- 2025HintsOfTruth: A Multimodal Checkworthiness Detection Dataset with Real and Synthetic Claims17 Feb 2025
- 2024Chasing Random: Instruction Selection Strategies Fail to Generalize19 Oct 2024
- 2024A Multi-Task and Multi-Label Classification Model for Implicit Discourse Relation Recognition16 Aug 2024
- 2024Facilitating Opinion Diversity through Hybrid NLP Approaches15 May 2024
- 2025Diversity-Enhanced Reasoning for Subjective Questionscited by 9
- 2025Diversity-Enhanced Reasoning for Subjective Questions27 Jul 2025
- 2024Chasing Random: Instruction Selection Strategies Fail to Generalizecited by 13
- 2025Towards a Perspectivist Turn in Argument Quality Assessmentcited by 5
- 2024A Multi-Task and Multi-Label Classification Model for Implicit Discourse Relation Recognitioncited by 4
- 2025HintsOfTruth: A Multimodal Checkworthiness Detection Dataset with Real and Synthetic Claimscited by 4
- 2025Revisiting Active Learning under (Human) Label Variationcited by 4
- 2025Will Annotators Disagree? Identifying Subjectivity in Value-Laden Argumentscited by 3
- 2024Facilitating Opinion Diversity through Hybrid NLP Approachescited by 2
- 2025Reassessing Active Learning Adoption in Contemporary NLP: A Community Surveycited by 2
- 2026Uncertainty Decomposition via Cyclical SG-MCMC and Soft-label Learning for Subjective NLPcited by 2
- 2025News is More than a Collection of Facts: Moral Frame Preserving News Summarizationcited by 1
- 2025Multi-Lingual Implicit Discourse Relation Recognition with Multi-Label Hierarchical Learningcited by 1
- 2026Quantifying and Predicting Disagreement in Graded Human Ratingscited by 1
12 most cited of 17 All 17 (JSON)
- 2026Structuring the Space of Perspectives12 Aug 2026
- 2026Can Data Work be Reparative?8 Jun 2026
- 2026The Ghost Annotator: a Framework to Explore Human Label Variation in Content Moderation through Conformal Prediction1 Jun 2026
- 2026Uncertainty Decomposition via Cyclical SG-MCMC and Soft-label Learning for Subjective NLP23 May 2026
- 2026Quantifying and Predicting Disagreement in Graded Human Ratings1 May 2026
- 2026Not All Subjectivity Is the Same! Defining Desiderata for the Evaluation of Subjectivity in NLP30 Mar 2026
- 2025Kastor: Fine-tuned Small Language Models for Shape-based Active Relation Extraction5 Nov 2025
- 2025Will Annotators Disagree? Identifying Subjectivity in Value-Laden Arguments8 Sep 2025
- 2025Multi-Lingual Implicit Discourse Relation Recognition with Multi-Label Hierarchical Learning28 Aug 2025
- 2025Revisiting Active Learning under (Human) Label Variation3 Jul 2025
- 2025News is More than a Collection of Facts: Moral Frame Preserving News Summarization1 Apr 2025
- 2025Reassessing Active Learning Adoption in Contemporary NLP: A Community Survey12 Mar 2025
12 newest of 17 All 17 (JSON)