Bias in the Mirror: Are LLMs opinions robust to their own adversarial attacks ?
Not on the map. Why?
Abstract (arXiv)
Large language models (LLMs) inherit biases from their training data and alignment processes, influencing their responses in subtle ways. While many studies have examined these biases, little work has explored their robustness during interactions. In this paper, we introduce a novel approach where two instances of an LLM engage in self-debate, arguing opposing viewpoints to persuade a neutral version of the model. Through this, we evaluate how firmly biases hold and whether models are susceptible to reinforcing misinformation or shifting to harmful viewpoints. Our experiments span multiple LLMs of varying sizes, origins, and languages, providing deeper insights into bias persistence and flexibility across linguistic and cultural contexts.
Key facts. Cited by 8 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 16 of its 31 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 17 Oct 2024.
Builds on
16 of 31 references.
References · 16
- 2023GPT-4 Technical Reportcited by 18,132
- 2024The Llama 3 Herd of Modelscited by 14,192
- 2023Mistral 7Bcited by 3,065
- 2023Whose Opinions Do Language Models Reflect?cited by 759
- 2023From Pretraining Data to Language Models to Downstream Tasks: Tracking the Trails of Political Biases Leading to Unfair NLP Modelscited by 257
- 2024Debating with More Persuasive LLMs Leads to More Truthful Answerscited by 255
- 2023Evaluating the Moral Beliefs Encoded in LLMscited by 211
- 2023Assessing Cross-Cultural Alignment between ChatGPT and Human Societies: An Empirical Studycited by 203
- 2023The political ideology of conversational AI: Converging evidence on ChatGPT's pro-environmental, left-libertarian orientationcited by 183
- 2024Political Compass or Spinning Arrow? Towards More Meaningful Evaluations for Values and Opinions in Large Language Modelscited by 162
- 2023Cultural Alignment in Large Language Models: An Explanatory Analysis Based on Hofstede's Cultural Dimensionscited by 111
- 2024Systematic Biases in LLM Simulations of Debatescited by 98
4 more
- 2024Measuring Political Bias in Large Language Models: What Is Said and How It Is Saidcited by 89
- 2024An Empirical Analysis on Large Language Models in Debate Evaluationcited by 20
- 2024Llama meets EU: Investigating the European Political Spectrum through the Lens of LLMscited by 14
- 2023FREDSum: A Dialogue Summarization Corpus for French Political Debatescited by 3
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2025: 2; 2026: 6.
8 papers.
- 2026A Survey on LLM-based Conversational User Simulationcited by 14
- 2025Zero-Shot LLMs in Human-in-the-Loop RL: Replacing Human Feedback for Reward Shapingcited by 3
- 2026Measuring Opinion Bias and Sycophancy via LLM-based Persuasioncited by 3
- 2026The Facade of Truth: Uncovering and Mitigating LLM Susceptibility to Deceptive Evidencecited by 2
- 2026Structuring the Space of Sociotechnical Alignmentcited by 2
- 2026Mitigating Cultural Bias in LLMs via Multi-Agent Cultural Debatecited by 1
- 2026LLM-Based Persuasion Enables Guardrail Override in Frontier LLMscited by 1
- 2025Echoes of Agreement: Argument Driven Opinion Shifts in Large Language Modelscited by 0
- 2026Structuring the Space of Sociotechnical Alignment2 Jun 2026
- 2026LLM-Based Persuasion Enables Guardrail Override in Frontier LLMs13 May 2026
- 2026A Survey on LLM-based Conversational User Simulation27 Apr 2026
- 2026Measuring Opinion Bias and Sycophancy via LLM-based Persuasion23 Apr 2026
- 2026Mitigating Cultural Bias in LLMs via Multi-Agent Cultural Debate17 Jan 2026
- 2026The Facade of Truth: Uncovering and Mitigating LLM Susceptibility to Deceptive Evidence9 Jan 2026
- 2025Echoes of Agreement: Argument Driven Opinion Shifts in Large Language Models11 Aug 2025
- 2025Zero-Shot LLMs in Human-in-the-Loop RL: Replacing Human Feedback for Reward Shaping26 Mar 2025