Cost-Efficient Subjective Task Annotation and Modeling through Few-Shot Annotator Adaptation
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Abstract (arXiv)
In subjective NLP tasks, where a single ground truth does not exist, the inclusion of diverse annotators becomes crucial as their unique perspectives significantly influence the annotations. In realistic scenarios, the annotation budget often becomes the main determinant of the number of perspectives (i.e., annotators) included in the data and subsequent modeling. We introduce a novel framework for annotation collection and modeling in subjective tasks that aims to minimize the annotation budget while maximizing the predictive performance for each annotator. Our framework has a two-stage design: first, we rely on a small set of annotators to build a multitask model, and second, we augment the model for a new perspective by strategically annotating a few samples per annotator. To test our framework at scale, we introduce and release a unique dataset, Moral Foundations Subjective Corpus, of 2000 Reddit posts annotated by 24 annotators for moral sentiment. We demonstrate that our framework surpasses the previous SOTA in capturing the annotators' individual perspectives with as little as 25% of the original annotation budget on two datasets. Furthermore, our framework results in more equitable models, reducing the performance disparity among annotators.
Key facts. Cited by 4 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 14 of its 43 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 21 Feb 2024.
Builds on
14 of 43 references.
References · 14
- 2021LoRA: Low-Rank Adaptation of Large Language Modelscited by 14,380
- 2023LLaMA: Open and Efficient Foundation Language Modelscited by 14,132
- 2019RoBERTa: A Robustly Optimized BERT Pretraining Approachcited by 13,372
- 2023A Survey of Large Language Modelscited by 2,576
- 2021Dealing with Disagreements: Looking Beyond the Majority Vote in Subjective Annotationscited by 314
- 2021Annotators with Attitudes: How Annotator Beliefs And Identities Bias Toxic Language Detectioncited by 264
- 2019Human uncertainty makes classification more robustcited by 235
- 2021Toward a Perspectivist Turn in Ground Truthing for Predictive Computingcited by 130
- 2021On Releasing Annotator-Level Labels and Information in Datasetscited by 126
- 2023CoAnnotating: Uncertainty-Guided Work Allocation between Human and Large Language Models for Data Annotationcited by 94
- 2023You Are What You Annotate: Towards Better Models through Annotator Representationscited by 40
- 2021Whose Opinions Matter? Perspective-aware Models to Identify Opinions of Hate Speech Victims in Abusive Language Detectioncited by 38
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2024: 1; 2025: 1; 2026: 2.
4 papers.
- 2024From Jack of All Trades to Master of One: Specializing LLM-based Autoraters to a Test Setcited by 2
- 2025Examining the Utility of Self-disclosure Types for Modeling Annotators of Social Normscited by 0
- 2026From Competition to Collaboration: Designing Sustainable Mechanisms Between LLMs and Online Forumscited by 0
- 2026Learning Moral Diversity: Modelling Individual Perspectives in Moral Classification of Textscited by 0
- 2026Learning Moral Diversity: Modelling Individual Perspectives in Moral Classification of Texts22 Jun 2026
- 2026From Competition to Collaboration: Designing Sustainable Mechanisms Between LLMs and Online Forums4 Feb 2026
- 2025Examining the Utility of Self-disclosure Types for Modeling Annotators of Social Norms17 Dec 2025
- 2024From Jack of All Trades to Master of One: Specializing LLM-based Autoraters to a Test Set23 Nov 2024