Did they answer? Subjective acts and intents in conversational discourse
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Abstract (arXiv)
Discourse signals are often implicit, leaving it up to the interpreter to draw the required inferences. At the same time, discourse is embedded in a social context, meaning that interpreters apply their own assumptions and beliefs when resolving these inferences, leading to multiple, valid interpretations. However, current discourse data and frameworks ignore the social aspect, expecting only a single ground truth. We present the first discourse dataset with multiple and subjective interpretations of English conversation in the form of perceived conversation acts and intents. We carefully analyze our dataset and create computational models to (1) confirm our hypothesis that taking into account the bias of the interpreters leads to better predictions of the interpretations, (2) and show disagreements are nuanced and require a deeper understanding of the different contextual factors. We share our dataset and code at http://github.com/elisaF/subjective_discourse.
Key facts. Cited by 22 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 7 of its 51 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 9 Apr 2021.
Builds on
7 of 51 references.
References · 7
- 2019ALBERT: A Lite BERT for Self-supervised Learning of Language Representationscited by 2,772
- 2020What Can We Learn from Collective Human Opinions on Natural Language Inference Data?cited by 148
- 2019Towards Debiasing Fact Verification Modelscited by 143
- 2019Exploring the Role of Prior Beliefs for Argument Persuasioncited by 30
- 2017Dialogue Act Recognition via CRF-Attentive Structured Networkcited by 18
- 2019Decomposing Generalization: Models of Generic, Habitual, and Episodic Statementscited by 10
- 2020Don't Let Me Be Misunderstood: Comparing Intentions and Perceptions in Online Discussionscited by 6
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 1; 2022: 4; 2023: 4; 2024: 7; 2025: 2; 2026: 4.
22 papers.
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- 2022The 'Problem' of Human Label Variation: On Ground Truth in Data, Modeling and Evaluationcited by 133
- 2023You Are What You Annotate: Towards Better Models through Annotator Representationscited by 40
- 2023Analyzing Dataset Annotation Quality Management in the Wildcited by 39
- 2022Investigating Reasons for Disagreement in Natural Language Inferencecited by 29
- 2021Learning with Different Amounts of Annotation: From Zero to Many Labelscited by 28
- 2022ALLSH: Active Learning Guided by Local Sensitivity and Hardnesscited by 23
- 2023Design Choices for Crowdsourcing Implicit Discourse Relations: Revealing the Biases Introduced by Task Designcited by 14
- 2023Using Natural Language Explanations to Rescale Human Judgmentscited by 11
- 2024PEFT-U: Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning for User Personalizationcited by 11
- 2024D3CODE: Disentangling Disagreements in Data across Cultures on Offensiveness Detection and Evaluationcited by 9
- 2024"I Never Said That": A dataset, taxonomy and baselines on response clarity classificationcited by 9
- 2024Different Tastes of Entities: Investigating Human Label Variation in Named Entity Annotationscited by 5
10 more
- 2026SemEval-2026 Task 6: CLARITY -- Unmasking Political Question Evasionscited by 5
- 2024Cost-Efficient Subjective Task Annotation and Modeling through Few-Shot Annotator Adaptationcited by 4
- 2024Designing NLP Systems That Adapt to Diverse Worldviewscited by 2
- 2022Sources of Noise in Dialogue and How to Deal with Themcited by 1
- 2024Self-Knowledge Distillation for Learning Ambiguitycited by 1
- 2025C-QUERI: Congressional Questions, Exchanges, and Responses in Institutions Datasetcited by 1
- 2025Learning to vary: Teaching LMs to reproduce human linguistic variability in next-word predictioncited by 0
- 2026Human Label Variation in Implicit Discourse Relation Recognitioncited by 0
- 2026Duluth at SemEval-2026 Task 6: DeBERTa with LLM-Augmented Data for Unmasking Political Question Evasionscited by 0
- 2026PolERo: Studying Political Evasion in Romaniancited by 0
- 2026PolERo: Studying Political Evasion in Romanian2 Sep 2026
- 2026Duluth at SemEval-2026 Task 6: DeBERTa with LLM-Augmented Data for Unmasking Political Question Evasions22 Apr 2026
- 2026SemEval-2026 Task 6: CLARITY -- Unmasking Political Question Evasions14 Mar 2026
- 2026Human Label Variation in Implicit Discourse Relation Recognition26 Feb 2026
- 2025C-QUERI: Congressional Questions, Exchanges, and Responses in Institutions Dataset25 Sep 2025
- 2025Learning to vary: Teaching LMs to reproduce human linguistic variability in next-word prediction22 Sep 2025
- 2024"I Never Said That": A dataset, taxonomy and baselines on response clarity classification20 Sep 2024
- 2024PEFT-U: Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning for User Personalization25 Jul 2024
- 2024Self-Knowledge Distillation for Learning Ambiguity14 Jun 2024
- 2024Designing NLP Systems That Adapt to Diverse Worldviews18 May 2024
- 2024D3CODE: Disentangling Disagreements in Data across Cultures on Offensiveness Detection and Evaluation16 Apr 2024
- 2024Cost-Efficient Subjective Task Annotation and Modeling through Few-Shot Annotator Adaptation21 Feb 2024
10 more
- 2024Different Tastes of Entities: Investigating Human Label Variation in Named Entity Annotations2 Feb 2024
- 2023Analyzing Dataset Annotation Quality Management in the Wild16 Jul 2023
- 2023Using Natural Language Explanations to Rescale Human Judgments24 May 2023
- 2023You Are What You Annotate: Towards Better Models through Annotator Representations24 May 2023
- 2023Design Choices for Crowdsourcing Implicit Discourse Relations: Revealing the Biases Introduced by Task Design3 Apr 2023
- 2022Sources of Noise in Dialogue and How to Deal with Them6 Dec 2022
- 2022The 'Problem' of Human Label Variation: On Ground Truth in Data, Modeling and Evaluation4 Nov 2022
- 2022Investigating Reasons for Disagreement in Natural Language Inference7 Sep 2022
- 2022ALLSH: Active Learning Guided by Local Sensitivity and Hardness10 May 2022
- 2021Learning with Different Amounts of Annotation: From Zero to Many Labels9 Sep 2021
- 2022The 'Problem' of Human Label Variation: On Ground Truth in Data, Modeling and Evaluationcited by 133
- 2023You Are What You Annotate: Towards Better Models through Annotator Representationscited by 40
- 2023Analyzing Dataset Annotation Quality Management in the Wildcited by 39
- 2022Investigating Reasons for Disagreement in Natural Language Inferencecited by 29
- 2021Learning with Different Amounts of Annotation: From Zero to Many Labelscited by 28
- 2022ALLSH: Active Learning Guided by Local Sensitivity and Hardnesscited by 23
- 2023Design Choices for Crowdsourcing Implicit Discourse Relations: Revealing the Biases Introduced by Task Designcited by 14
- 2023Using Natural Language Explanations to Rescale Human Judgmentscited by 11
- 2024PEFT-U: Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning for User Personalizationcited by 11
- 2024D3CODE: Disentangling Disagreements in Data across Cultures on Offensiveness Detection and Evaluationcited by 9
- 2024"I Never Said That": A dataset, taxonomy and baselines on response clarity classificationcited by 9
- 2024Different Tastes of Entities: Investigating Human Label Variation in Named Entity Annotationscited by 5
12 most cited of 22 All 22 (JSON)
- 2026PolERo: Studying Political Evasion in Romanian2 Sep 2026
- 2026Duluth at SemEval-2026 Task 6: DeBERTa with LLM-Augmented Data for Unmasking Political Question Evasions22 Apr 2026
- 2026SemEval-2026 Task 6: CLARITY -- Unmasking Political Question Evasions14 Mar 2026
- 2026Human Label Variation in Implicit Discourse Relation Recognition26 Feb 2026
- 2025C-QUERI: Congressional Questions, Exchanges, and Responses in Institutions Dataset25 Sep 2025
- 2025Learning to vary: Teaching LMs to reproduce human linguistic variability in next-word prediction22 Sep 2025
- 2024"I Never Said That": A dataset, taxonomy and baselines on response clarity classification20 Sep 2024
- 2024PEFT-U: Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning for User Personalization25 Jul 2024
- 2024Self-Knowledge Distillation for Learning Ambiguity14 Jun 2024
- 2024Designing NLP Systems That Adapt to Diverse Worldviews18 May 2024
- 2024D3CODE: Disentangling Disagreements in Data across Cultures on Offensiveness Detection and Evaluation16 Apr 2024
- 2024Cost-Efficient Subjective Task Annotation and Modeling through Few-Shot Annotator Adaptation21 Feb 2024
12 newest of 22 All 22 (JSON)