ProPD: Dynamic Token Tree Pruning and Generation for LLM Parallel Decoding
On the map: Efficient LLM inference and serving → Speculative decoding
Abstract (arXiv)
Recent advancements in generative large language models (LLMs) have significantly boosted the performance in natural language processing tasks. However, their efficiency is hampered by the inherent limitations in autoregressive token generation. While parallel decoding with token tree verification, e.g., Medusa, has been proposed to improve decoding parallelism and efficiency, it often struggles with maintaining contextual relationships due to its independent token prediction approach and incurs significant verification overhead, especially with large tree sizes and batch processing. In this paper, we propose ProPD, an efficient LLM parallel decoding framework based on dynamic token tree pruning and generation. ProPD features an advanced early pruning mechanism to efficiently eliminate unpromising token sequences to improve verification efficiency. Additionally, it introduces a dynamic token tree generation algorithm to balance the computation and parallelism of the verification phase in real-time and maximize the overall efficiency across different batch sizes, sequence lengths, and tasks, etc. We verify ProPD across a diverse set of datasets, LLMs, and batch sizes and demonstrate ProPD consistently outperforms existing decoding algorithms by 1.1-3.2x.
Key facts. Cited by 12 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in Speculative decoding, one of 12 directions in Efficient LLM inference and serving. Builds on 14 of its 20 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 21 Feb 2024.
Builds on
14 of 20 references.
Closest ancestors · 5
Same direction, newest first
- 2023Fast and Robust Early-Exiting Framework for Autoregressive Language Models with Synchronized Parallel Decoding9 Oct
- 2023Accelerating LLM Inference with Staged Speculative Decoding8 Aug
- 2023Accelerating Transformer Inference for Translation via Parallel Decoding17 May
- 2023Accelerating Large Language Model Decoding with Speculative Sampling2 Feb
- 2022Fast Inference from Transformers via Speculative Decoding30 Nov
Other references · 9
- 2020Language Models are Few-Shot Learnerscited by 32,199
- 2023Judging LLM-as-a-Judge with MT-Bench and Chatbot Arenacited by 8,393
- 2019Multi-News: a Large-Scale Multi-Document Summarization Dataset and Abstractive Hierarchical Modelcited by 431
- 2023How Good Are GPT Models at Machine Translation? A Comprehensive Evaluationcited by 344
- 2018Blockwise Parallel Decoding for Deep Autoregressive Modelscited by 318
- 2023Full Stack Optimization of Transformer Inference: a Surveycited by 79
- 2023LLMCad: Fast and Scalable On-device Large Language Model Inferencecited by 45
- 2021Conversational Question Answering: A Surveycited by 31
- 2023RecycleGPT: An Autoregressive Language Model with Recyclable Modulecited by 3
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2024: 4; 2025: 5; 2026: 3.
12 papers.
- 2024SpecDec++: Boosting Speculative Decoding via Adaptive Candidate Lengthscited by 73
- 2025A Survey on Parallel Text Generation: From Parallel Decoding to Diffusion Language Modelscited by 27
- 2025Speculative Decoding and Beyond: An In-Depth Survey of Techniquescited by 22
- 2025LP-Spec: Leveraging LPDDR PIM for Efficient LLM Mobile Speculative Inference with Architecture-Dataflow Co-Optimizationcited by 9
- 2024Closer Look at Efficient Inference Methods: A Survey of Speculative Decodingcited by 7
- 2024Amphista: Bi-directional Multi-head Decoding for Accelerating LLM Inferencecited by 5
- 2025EfficientNav: Towards On-Device Object-Goal Navigation with Navigation Map Caching and Retrievalcited by 5
- 2024SSSD: Simply-Scalable Speculative Decodingcited by 2
- 2025POSS: Position Specialist Generates Better Draft for Speculative Decodingcited by 2
- 2026S2-MoE: Enabling Efficient Self-Speculative Decoding for Mixture-of-Experts on Edge Devicescited by 2
- 2026Speculative Sampling with Reinforcement Learningcited by 0
- 2026Reciprocal Guidance: Orchestrating Draft and Verify Budgets for Advancing the Diffusion-AR Self-Speculation Frontiercited by 0
- 2026Reciprocal Guidance: Orchestrating Draft and Verify Budgets for Advancing the Diffusion-AR Self-Speculation Frontier28 Sep 2026
- 2026S2-MoE: Enabling Efficient Self-Speculative Decoding for Mixture-of-Experts on Edge Devices15 Aug 2026
- 2026Speculative Sampling with Reinforcement Learning18 Jan 2026
- 2025EfficientNav: Towards On-Device Object-Goal Navigation with Navigation Map Caching and Retrieval21 Oct 2025
- 2025A Survey on Parallel Text Generation: From Parallel Decoding to Diffusion Language Models12 Aug 2025
- 2025LP-Spec: Leveraging LPDDR PIM for Efficient LLM Mobile Speculative Inference with Architecture-Dataflow Co-Optimization10 Aug 2025
- 2025POSS: Position Specialist Generates Better Draft for Speculative Decoding4 Jun 2025
- 2025Speculative Decoding and Beyond: An In-Depth Survey of Techniques27 Feb 2025
- 2024Closer Look at Efficient Inference Methods: A Survey of Speculative Decoding20 Nov 2024
- 2024SSSD: Simply-Scalable Speculative Decoding8 Nov 2024
- 2024Amphista: Bi-directional Multi-head Decoding for Accelerating LLM Inference19 Jun 2024
- 2024SpecDec++: Boosting Speculative Decoding via Adaptive Candidate Lengths30 May 2024
Similar, not cited
Close in wording, no citation either way
- 2024Generation Meets Verification: Accelerating Large Language Model Inference with Smart Parallel Auto-Correct Decoding
- 2024Optimized Multi-Token Joint Decoding with Auxiliary Model for LLM Inference
- 2024Recursive Speculative Decoding: Accelerating LLM Inference via Sampling Without Replacement
- 2025PipeSpec: Breaking Stage Dependencies in Hierarchical LLM Decoding
- 2024Decoding at the Speed of Thought: Harnessing Parallel Decoding of Lexical Units for LLMs
- 2025TokenSwift: Lossless Acceleration of Ultra Long Sequence Generation
- 2024Hardware-Aware Parallel Prompt Decoding for Memory-Efficient Acceleration of LLM Inference
- 2025AdaDecode: Accelerating LLM Decoding with Adaptive Layer Parallelism