mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Tiny Titans: Can Smaller Large Language Models Punch Above Their Weight in the Real World for Meeting Summarization?

arXiv 2402.00841 ↗First posted 1 Feb 2024cs.CLcited by 32

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Abstract (arXiv)

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities to solve a wide range of tasks without being explicitly fine-tuned on task-specific datasets. However, deploying LLMs in the real world is not trivial, as it requires substantial computing resources. In this paper, we investigate whether smaller, compact LLMs are a good alternative to the comparatively Larger LLMs2 to address significant costs associated with utilizing LLMs in the real world. In this regard, we study the meeting summarization task in a real-world industrial environment and conduct extensive experiments by comparing the performance of fine-tuned compact LLMs (e.g., FLAN-T5, TinyLLaMA, LiteLLaMA) with zero-shot larger LLMs (e.g., LLaMA-2, GPT-3.5, PaLM-2). We observe that most smaller LLMs, even after fine-tuning, fail to outperform larger zero-shot LLMs in meeting summarization datasets. However, a notable exception is FLAN-T5 (780M parameters), which performs on par or even better than many zero-shot Larger LLMs (from 7B to above 70B parameters), while being significantly smaller. This makes compact LLMs like FLAN-T5 a suitable cost-efficient solution for real-world industrial deployment.

Key facts. Cited by 32 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 21 of its 27 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 1 Feb 2024.

Builds on

21 of 27 references.

References · 21

  1. 2017Attention Is All You Needcited by 59,932
  2. 2019Exploring the Limits of Transfer Learning with a Unified Text-to-Text Transformercited by 14,491
  3. 2021LoRA: Low-Rank Adaptation of Large Language Modelscited by 14,084
  4. 2023LLaMA: Open and Efficient Foundation Language Modelscited by 13,958
  5. 2019BART: Denoising Sequence-to-Sequence Pre-training for Natural Language Generation, Translation, and Comprehensioncited by 5,874
  6. 2022PaLM: Scaling Language Modeling with Pathwayscited by 5,304
  7. 2022FlashAttention: Fast and Memory-Efficient Exact Attention with IO-Awarenesscited by 3,611
  8. 2023QLoRA: Efficient Finetuning of Quantized LLMscited by 3,355
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  10. 2023FlashAttention-2: Faster Attention with Better Parallelism and Work Partitioningcited by 2,551
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  12. 2019PEGASUS: Pre-training with Extracted Gap-sentences for Abstractive Summarizationcited by 1,100
9 more
  1. 2023A Multitask, Multilingual, Multimodal Evaluation of ChatGPT on Reasoning, Hallucination, and Interactivitycited by 888
  2. 2023Instruction Tuning for Large Language Models: A Surveycited by 617
  3. 2024TinyLlama: An Open-Source Small Language Modelcited by 604
  4. 2023Is ChatGPT a General-Purpose Natural Language Processing Task Solver?cited by 486
  5. 2021QMSum: A New Benchmark for Query-based Multi-domain Meeting Summarizationcited by 363
  6. 2023Efficient Large Language Models: A Surveycited by 183
  7. 2023A Systematic Study and Comprehensive Evaluation of ChatGPT on Benchmark Datasetscited by 123
  8. 2023A Comprehensive Evaluation of Large Language Models on Benchmark Biomedical Text Processing Taskscited by 36
  9. 2023Building Real-World Meeting Summarization Systems using Large Language Models: A Practical Perspectivecited by 34

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2024: 12; 2025: 14; 2026: 6.

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  1. 2024A Systematic Survey and Critical Review on Evaluating Large Language Models: Challenges, Limitations, and Recommendationscited by 84
  2. 2024A Systematic Survey of Text Summarization: From Statistical Methods to Large Language Modelscited by 52
  3. 2024Mobility-LLM: Learning Visiting Intentions and Travel Preferences from Human Mobility Data with Large Language Modelscited by 21
  4. 2024To Generate or to Retrieve? On the Effectiveness of Artificial Contexts for Medical Open-Domain Question Answeringcited by 15
  5. 2025Improving Automatic Evaluation of Large Language Models (LLMs) in Biomedical Relation Extraction via LLMs-as-the-Judgecited by 13
  6. 2025Evaluating Small Language Models for News Summarization: Implications and Factors Influencing Performancecited by 12
  7. 2024Query-OPT: Optimizing Inference of Large Language Models via Multi-Query Instructions in Meeting Summarizationcited by 9
  8. 2024AdaptEval: Evaluating Large Language Models on Domain Adaptation for Text Summarizationcited by 9
  9. 2025Fine-Tune an SLM or Prompt an LLM? The Case of Generating Low-Code Workflowscited by 6
  10. 2024Best Practices for Large Language Models in Radiologycited by 5
  11. 2025Summarizing Speech: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 5
  12. 2026Stop Taking Tokenizers for Granted: They Are Core Design Decisions in Large Language Modelscited by 5
20 more
  1. 2025Reproducibility Study of Cooperation, Competition, and Maliciousness: LLM-Stakeholders Interactive Negotiationcited by 4
  2. 2025AI Knowledge Assist: An Automated Approach for the Creation of Knowledge Bases for Conversational AI Agentscited by 4
  3. 2024Arctic-TILT. Business Document Understanding at Sub-Billion Scalecited by 3
  4. 2024Hyper-Compression: Model Compression via Hyperfunctioncited by 3
  5. 2024Exploring the Readiness of Prominent Small Language Models for the Democratization of Financial Literacycited by 3
  6. 2025Decision-Making with Deliberation: Meta-reviewing as a Document-grounded Dialoguecited by 3
  7. 2026GreenServ: Energy-Efficient Context-Aware Dynamic Routing for Multi-Model LLM Inferencecited by 3
  8. 2025Evaluating the Effectiveness of Cost-Efficient Large Language Models in Benchmark Biomedical Taskscited by 2
  9. 2025DACP: Domain-Adaptive Continual Pre-Training of Large Language Models for Phone Conversation Summarizationcited by 2
  10. 2025Multimodal RAG Enhanced Visual Descriptioncited by 1
  11. 2025DACIP-RC: Domain Adaptive Continual Instruction Pre-Training via Reading Comprehension on Business Conversationscited by 1
  12. 2026A Large-Scale Multi-Dimensional Empirical Study of LLMs for Conversation Summarizationcited by 1
  13. 2026When Better Turns Do Not Make Better Agents: Diagnosing the Gap Between Next-Turn Metrics and Workflow Successcited by 1
  14. 2024Hybrid Student-Teacher Large Language Model Refinement for Cancer Toxicity Symptom Extractioncited by 0
  15. 2024Structured List-Grounded Question Answeringcited by 0
  16. 2025Grid2Guide: A* Enabled Small Language Model for Indoor Navigationcited by 0
  17. 2025Identifying and Addressing User-level Security Concerns in Smart Homes Using "Smaller" LLMscited by 0
  18. 2025Dual-stage and Lightweight Patient Chart Summarization for Emergency Physicianscited by 0
  19. 2026Token Distribution versus Data Volume: Domain Balancing in Multi-Domain Meeting Summarisationcited by 0
  20. 2026Can One Adapted Model Do It All? Fine-Tuning Strategy Selection for Customer Support LLMscited by 0