Tiny Titans: Can Smaller Large Language Models Punch Above Their Weight in the Real World for Meeting Summarization?
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Abstract (arXiv)
Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities to solve a wide range of tasks without being explicitly fine-tuned on task-specific datasets. However, deploying LLMs in the real world is not trivial, as it requires substantial computing resources. In this paper, we investigate whether smaller, compact LLMs are a good alternative to the comparatively Larger LLMs2 to address significant costs associated with utilizing LLMs in the real world. In this regard, we study the meeting summarization task in a real-world industrial environment and conduct extensive experiments by comparing the performance of fine-tuned compact LLMs (e.g., FLAN-T5, TinyLLaMA, LiteLLaMA) with zero-shot larger LLMs (e.g., LLaMA-2, GPT-3.5, PaLM-2). We observe that most smaller LLMs, even after fine-tuning, fail to outperform larger zero-shot LLMs in meeting summarization datasets. However, a notable exception is FLAN-T5 (780M parameters), which performs on par or even better than many zero-shot Larger LLMs (from 7B to above 70B parameters), while being significantly smaller. This makes compact LLMs like FLAN-T5 a suitable cost-efficient solution for real-world industrial deployment.
Key facts. Cited by 32 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 21 of its 27 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 1 Feb 2024.
Builds on
21 of 27 references.
References · 21
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- 2019Exploring the Limits of Transfer Learning with a Unified Text-to-Text Transformercited by 14,491
- 2021LoRA: Low-Rank Adaptation of Large Language Modelscited by 14,084
- 2023LLaMA: Open and Efficient Foundation Language Modelscited by 13,958
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- 2022PaLM: Scaling Language Modeling with Pathwayscited by 5,304
- 2022FlashAttention: Fast and Memory-Efficient Exact Attention with IO-Awarenesscited by 3,611
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9 more
- 2023A Multitask, Multilingual, Multimodal Evaluation of ChatGPT on Reasoning, Hallucination, and Interactivitycited by 888
- 2023Instruction Tuning for Large Language Models: A Surveycited by 617
- 2024TinyLlama: An Open-Source Small Language Modelcited by 604
- 2023Is ChatGPT a General-Purpose Natural Language Processing Task Solver?cited by 486
- 2021QMSum: A New Benchmark for Query-based Multi-domain Meeting Summarizationcited by 363
- 2023Efficient Large Language Models: A Surveycited by 183
- 2023A Systematic Study and Comprehensive Evaluation of ChatGPT on Benchmark Datasetscited by 123
- 2023A Comprehensive Evaluation of Large Language Models on Benchmark Biomedical Text Processing Taskscited by 36
- 2023Building Real-World Meeting Summarization Systems using Large Language Models: A Practical Perspectivecited by 34
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Citing papers per year: 2024: 12; 2025: 14; 2026: 6.
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- 2024A Systematic Survey and Critical Review on Evaluating Large Language Models: Challenges, Limitations, and Recommendationscited by 84
- 2024A Systematic Survey of Text Summarization: From Statistical Methods to Large Language Modelscited by 52
- 2024Mobility-LLM: Learning Visiting Intentions and Travel Preferences from Human Mobility Data with Large Language Modelscited by 21
- 2024To Generate or to Retrieve? On the Effectiveness of Artificial Contexts for Medical Open-Domain Question Answeringcited by 15
- 2025Improving Automatic Evaluation of Large Language Models (LLMs) in Biomedical Relation Extraction via LLMs-as-the-Judgecited by 13
- 2025Evaluating Small Language Models for News Summarization: Implications and Factors Influencing Performancecited by 12
- 2024Query-OPT: Optimizing Inference of Large Language Models via Multi-Query Instructions in Meeting Summarizationcited by 9
- 2024AdaptEval: Evaluating Large Language Models on Domain Adaptation for Text Summarizationcited by 9
- 2025Fine-Tune an SLM or Prompt an LLM? The Case of Generating Low-Code Workflowscited by 6
- 2024Best Practices for Large Language Models in Radiologycited by 5
- 2025Summarizing Speech: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 5
- 2026Stop Taking Tokenizers for Granted: They Are Core Design Decisions in Large Language Modelscited by 5
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- 2025AI Knowledge Assist: An Automated Approach for the Creation of Knowledge Bases for Conversational AI Agentscited by 4
- 2024Arctic-TILT. Business Document Understanding at Sub-Billion Scalecited by 3
- 2024Hyper-Compression: Model Compression via Hyperfunctioncited by 3
- 2024Exploring the Readiness of Prominent Small Language Models for the Democratization of Financial Literacycited by 3
- 2025Decision-Making with Deliberation: Meta-reviewing as a Document-grounded Dialoguecited by 3
- 2026GreenServ: Energy-Efficient Context-Aware Dynamic Routing for Multi-Model LLM Inferencecited by 3
- 2025Evaluating the Effectiveness of Cost-Efficient Large Language Models in Benchmark Biomedical Taskscited by 2
- 2025DACP: Domain-Adaptive Continual Pre-Training of Large Language Models for Phone Conversation Summarizationcited by 2
- 2025Multimodal RAG Enhanced Visual Descriptioncited by 1
- 2025DACIP-RC: Domain Adaptive Continual Instruction Pre-Training via Reading Comprehension on Business Conversationscited by 1
- 2026A Large-Scale Multi-Dimensional Empirical Study of LLMs for Conversation Summarizationcited by 1
- 2026When Better Turns Do Not Make Better Agents: Diagnosing the Gap Between Next-Turn Metrics and Workflow Successcited by 1
- 2024Hybrid Student-Teacher Large Language Model Refinement for Cancer Toxicity Symptom Extractioncited by 0
- 2024Structured List-Grounded Question Answeringcited by 0
- 2025Grid2Guide: A* Enabled Small Language Model for Indoor Navigationcited by 0
- 2025Identifying and Addressing User-level Security Concerns in Smart Homes Using "Smaller" LLMscited by 0
- 2025Dual-stage and Lightweight Patient Chart Summarization for Emergency Physicianscited by 0
- 2026Token Distribution versus Data Volume: Domain Balancing in Multi-Domain Meeting Summarisationcited by 0
- 2026Can One Adapted Model Do It All? Fine-Tuning Strategy Selection for Customer Support LLMscited by 0
- 2026Can One Adapted Model Do It All? Fine-Tuning Strategy Selection for Customer Support LLMs23 Sep 2026
- 2026When Better Turns Do Not Make Better Agents: Diagnosing the Gap Between Next-Turn Metrics and Workflow Success18 Sep 2026
- 2026Token Distribution versus Data Volume: Domain Balancing in Multi-Domain Meeting Summarisation16 Aug 2026
- 2026A Large-Scale Multi-Dimensional Empirical Study of LLMs for Conversation Summarization14 Jun 2026
- 2026GreenServ: Energy-Efficient Context-Aware Dynamic Routing for Multi-Model LLM Inference24 Jan 2026
- 2026Stop Taking Tokenizers for Granted: They Are Core Design Decisions in Large Language Models19 Jan 2026
- 2025DACIP-RC: Domain Adaptive Continual Instruction Pre-Training via Reading Comprehension on Business Conversations9 Oct 2025
- 2025AI Knowledge Assist: An Automated Approach for the Creation of Knowledge Bases for Conversational AI Agents9 Oct 2025
- 2025DACP: Domain-Adaptive Continual Pre-Training of Large Language Models for Phone Conversation Summarization7 Oct 2025
- 2025Dual-stage and Lightweight Patient Chart Summarization for Emergency Physicians5 Oct 2025
- 2025Identifying and Addressing User-level Security Concerns in Smart Homes Using "Smaller" LLMs23 Sep 2025
- 2025Grid2Guide: A* Enabled Small Language Model for Indoor Navigation11 Aug 2025
20 more
- 2025Decision-Making with Deliberation: Meta-reviewing as a Document-grounded Dialogue7 Aug 2025
- 2025Multimodal RAG Enhanced Visual Description6 Aug 2025
- 2025Evaluating the Effectiveness of Cost-Efficient Large Language Models in Benchmark Biomedical Tasks18 Jul 2025
- 2025Improving Automatic Evaluation of Large Language Models (LLMs) in Biomedical Relation Extraction via LLMs-as-the-Judge1 Jun 2025
- 2025Fine-Tune an SLM or Prompt an LLM? The Case of Generating Low-Code Workflows30 May 2025
- 2025Summarizing Speech: A Comprehensive Survey10 Apr 2025
- 2025Reproducibility Study of Cooperation, Competition, and Maliciousness: LLM-Stakeholders Interactive Negotiation22 Feb 2025
- 2025Evaluating Small Language Models for News Summarization: Implications and Factors Influencing Performance2 Feb 2025
- 2024Best Practices for Large Language Models in Radiology2 Dec 2024
- 2024Mobility-LLM: Learning Visiting Intentions and Travel Preferences from Human Mobility Data with Large Language Models29 Oct 2024
- 2024Exploring the Readiness of Prominent Small Language Models for the Democratization of Financial Literacy9 Oct 2024
- 2024Structured List-Grounded Question Answering4 Oct 2024
- 2024Hyper-Compression: Model Compression via Hyperfunction1 Sep 2024
- 2024Hybrid Student-Teacher Large Language Model Refinement for Cancer Toxicity Symptom Extraction8 Aug 2024
- 2024Arctic-TILT. Business Document Understanding at Sub-Billion Scale8 Aug 2024
- 2024AdaptEval: Evaluating Large Language Models on Domain Adaptation for Text Summarization16 Jul 2024
- 2024A Systematic Survey and Critical Review on Evaluating Large Language Models: Challenges, Limitations, and Recommendations4 Jul 2024
- 2024A Systematic Survey of Text Summarization: From Statistical Methods to Large Language Models17 Jun 2024
- 2024To Generate or to Retrieve? On the Effectiveness of Artificial Contexts for Medical Open-Domain Question Answering4 Mar 2024
- 2024Query-OPT: Optimizing Inference of Large Language Models via Multi-Query Instructions in Meeting Summarization29 Feb 2024
- 2024A Systematic Survey and Critical Review on Evaluating Large Language Models: Challenges, Limitations, and Recommendationscited by 84
- 2024A Systematic Survey of Text Summarization: From Statistical Methods to Large Language Modelscited by 52
- 2024Mobility-LLM: Learning Visiting Intentions and Travel Preferences from Human Mobility Data with Large Language Modelscited by 21
- 2024To Generate or to Retrieve? On the Effectiveness of Artificial Contexts for Medical Open-Domain Question Answeringcited by 15
- 2025Improving Automatic Evaluation of Large Language Models (LLMs) in Biomedical Relation Extraction via LLMs-as-the-Judgecited by 13
- 2025Evaluating Small Language Models for News Summarization: Implications and Factors Influencing Performancecited by 12
- 2024Query-OPT: Optimizing Inference of Large Language Models via Multi-Query Instructions in Meeting Summarizationcited by 9
- 2024AdaptEval: Evaluating Large Language Models on Domain Adaptation for Text Summarizationcited by 9
- 2025Fine-Tune an SLM or Prompt an LLM? The Case of Generating Low-Code Workflowscited by 6
- 2024Best Practices for Large Language Models in Radiologycited by 5
- 2025Summarizing Speech: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 5
- 2026Stop Taking Tokenizers for Granted: They Are Core Design Decisions in Large Language Modelscited by 5
12 most cited of 30 All 30 (JSON)
- 2026Can One Adapted Model Do It All? Fine-Tuning Strategy Selection for Customer Support LLMs23 Sep 2026
- 2026When Better Turns Do Not Make Better Agents: Diagnosing the Gap Between Next-Turn Metrics and Workflow Success18 Sep 2026
- 2026Token Distribution versus Data Volume: Domain Balancing in Multi-Domain Meeting Summarisation16 Aug 2026
- 2026A Large-Scale Multi-Dimensional Empirical Study of LLMs for Conversation Summarization14 Jun 2026
- 2026GreenServ: Energy-Efficient Context-Aware Dynamic Routing for Multi-Model LLM Inference24 Jan 2026
- 2026Stop Taking Tokenizers for Granted: They Are Core Design Decisions in Large Language Models19 Jan 2026
- 2025DACIP-RC: Domain Adaptive Continual Instruction Pre-Training via Reading Comprehension on Business Conversations9 Oct 2025
- 2025DACP: Domain-Adaptive Continual Pre-Training of Large Language Models for Phone Conversation Summarization7 Oct 2025
- 2025Dual-stage and Lightweight Patient Chart Summarization for Emergency Physicians5 Oct 2025
- 2025Identifying and Addressing User-level Security Concerns in Smart Homes Using "Smaller" LLMs23 Sep 2025
- 2025Grid2Guide: A* Enabled Small Language Model for Indoor Navigation11 Aug 2025
- 2025Decision-Making with Deliberation: Meta-reviewing as a Document-grounded Dialogue7 Aug 2025
12 newest of 30 All 30 (JSON)