Reproducibility Study of Cooperation, Competition, and Maliciousness: LLM-Stakeholders Interactive Negotiation
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Abstract (arXiv)
This paper presents a reproducibility study and extension of "Cooperation, Competition, and Maliciousness: LLM-Stakeholders Interactive Negotiation." We validate the original findings using a range of open-weight models (1.5B-70B parameters) and GPT-4o Mini while introducing several novel contributions. We analyze the Pareto front of the games, propose a communication-free baseline to test whether successful negotiations are possible without agent interaction, evaluate recent small language models' performance, analyze structural information leakage in model responses, and implement an inequality metric to assess negotiation fairness. Our results demonstrate that smaller models (<10B parameters) struggle with format adherence and coherent responses, but larger open-weight models can approach proprietary model performance. Additionally, in many scenarios, single-agent approaches can achieve comparable results to multi-agent negotiations, challenging assumptions about the necessity of agent communication to perform well on the benchmark. This work also provides insights into the accessibility, fairness, environmental impact, and privacy considerations of LLM-based negotiation systems.
Key facts. Cited by 4 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 8 of its 17 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 22 Feb 2025.
Builds on
8 of 17 references.
References · 8
- 2023A Survey on Evaluation of Large Language Modelscited by 1,242
- 2023The False Promise of Imitating Proprietary LLMscited by 263
- 2024BetterBench: Assessing AI Benchmarks, Uncovering Issues, and Establishing Best Practicescited by 114
- 2023Cooperation, Competition, and Maliciousness: LLM-Stakeholders Interactive Negotiationcited by 96
- 2024MEDEC: A Benchmark for Medical Error Detection and Correction in Clinical Notescited by 80
- 2024Visibility into AI Agentscited by 79
- 2024Tiny Titans: Can Smaller Large Language Models Punch Above Their Weight in the Real World for Meeting Summarization?cited by 33
- 2024Are Small Language Models Ready to Compete with Large Language Models for Practical Applications?cited by 9
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Citing papers per year: 2025: 3; 2026: 1.
4 papers.
- 2025Risk Analysis Techniques for Governed LLM-based Multi-Agent Systemscited by 18
- 2026CalBench: Evaluating Coordination-Privacy Trade-offs in Multi-Agent LLMscited by 7
- 2025Super-additive Cooperation in Language Model Agentscited by 2
- 2025Shall We Play a Game? Language Models for Open-ended Wargamescited by 2
- 2026CalBench: Evaluating Coordination-Privacy Trade-offs in Multi-Agent LLMs10 May 2026
- 2025Shall We Play a Game? Language Models for Open-ended Wargames21 Sep 2025
- 2025Super-additive Cooperation in Language Model Agents21 Aug 2025
- 2025Risk Analysis Techniques for Governed LLM-based Multi-Agent Systems6 Aug 2025