Towards Socially and Morally Aware RL agent: Reward Design With LLM
On the map: LLM agents and tool use → Reinforcement learning for LLM agents
Abstract (arXiv)
When we design and deploy an Reinforcement Learning (RL) agent, reward functions motivates agents to achieve an objective. An incorrect or incomplete specification of the objective can result in behavior that does not align with human values - failing to adhere with social and moral norms that are ambiguous and context dependent, and cause undesired outcomes such as negative side effects and exploration that is unsafe. Previous work have manually defined reward functions to avoid negative side effects, use human oversight for safe exploration, or use foundation models as planning tools. This work studies the ability of leveraging Large Language Models (LLM)' understanding of morality and social norms on safe exploration augmented RL methods. This work evaluates language model's result against human feedbacks and demonstrates language model's capability as direct reward signals.
Key facts. Cited by 4 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in Reinforcement learning for LLM agents, one of 16 directions in LLM agents and tool use. Builds on 7 of its 10 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 23 Jan 2024.
Builds on
7 of 10 references.
References · 7
- 2016Concrete Problems in AI Safetycited by 1,582
- 2020Aligning AI With Shared Human Valuescited by 706
- 2016Cooperative Inverse Reinforcement Learningcited by 298
- 2023Reward Design with Language Modelscited by 257
- 2017Trial without Error: Towards Safe Reinforcement Learning via Human Interventioncited by 102
- 2021What Would Jiminy Cricket Do? Towards Agents That Behave Morallycited by 57
- 2023Read and Reap the Rewards: Learning to Play Atari with the Help of Instruction Manualscited by 45
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2024: 1; 2025: 2; 2026: 1.
4 papers.
- 2025RoboMoRe: LLM-based Robot Co-design via Joint Optimization of Morphology and Rewardcited by 4
- 2025AED: Automatic Discovery of Effective and Diverse Vulnerabilities for Autonomous Driving Policy with Large Language Modelscited by 2
- 2024Beyond Human Preferences: Exploring Reinforcement Learning Trajectory Evaluation and Improvement through LLMscited by 1
- 2026How do Role Models Shape Collective Morality? Exemplar-Driven Moral Learning in Multi-Agent Simulationcited by 0
- 2026How do Role Models Shape Collective Morality? Exemplar-Driven Moral Learning in Multi-Agent Simulation14 Mar 2026
- 2025RoboMoRe: LLM-based Robot Co-design via Joint Optimization of Morphology and Reward30 May 2025
- 2025AED: Automatic Discovery of Effective and Diverse Vulnerabilities for Autonomous Driving Policy with Large Language Models24 Mar 2025
- 2024Beyond Human Preferences: Exploring Reinforcement Learning Trajectory Evaluation and Improvement through LLMs28 Jun 2024
Similar, not cited
Close in wording, no citation either way
- 2024Moral Alignment for LLM Agents
- 2024RLHF Deciphered: A Critical Analysis of Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback for LLMs
- 2025A Survey on Progress in LLM Alignment from the Perspective of Reward Design
- 2023The History and Risks of Reinforcement Learning and Human Feedback
- 2026The End of Reward Engineering: How LLMs Are Redefining Multi-Agent Coordination
- 2024REvolve: Reward Evolution with Large Language Models using Human Feedback
- 2026Hierarchical Reward Design from Language: Enhancing Alignment of Agent Behavior with Human Specifications
- 2023Safe RLHF: Safe Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback