Exploratory Evaluation of Speech Content Masking
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Abstract (arXiv)
Most recent speech privacy efforts have focused on anonymizing acoustic speaker attributes but there has not been as much research into protecting information from speech content. We introduce a toy problem that explores an emerging type of privacy called "content masking" which conceals selected words and phrases in speech. In our efforts to define this problem space, we evaluate an introductory baseline masking technique based on modifying sequences of discrete phone representations (phone codes) produced from a pre-trained vector-quantized variational autoencoder (VQ-VAE) and re-synthesized using WaveRNN. We investigate three different masking locations and three types of masking strategies: noise substitution, word deletion, and phone sequence reversal. Our work attempts to characterize how masking affects two downstream tasks: automatic speech recognition (ASR) and automatic speaker verification (ASV). We observe how the different masks types and locations impact these downstream tasks and discuss how these issues may influence privacy goals.
Key facts. Cited by 3 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 16 of its 26 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 8 Jan 2024.
Builds on
16 of 26 references.
References · 16
- 2017Neural Discrete Representation Learningcited by 4,712
- 2022Robust Speech Recognition via Large-Scale Weak Supervisioncited by 4,057
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- 2021The VoicePrivacy 2020 Challenge: Results and findingscited by 46
- 2019VQVAE Unsupervised Unit Discovery and Multi-scale Code2Spec Inverter for Zerospeech Challenge 2019cited by 25
- 2019The GDPR & Speech Data: Reflections of Legal and Technology Communities, First Steps towards a Common Understandingcited by 19
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- 2020Speaker Conditional WaveRNN: Towards Universal Neural Vocoder for Unseen Speaker and Recording Conditionscited by 14
- 2020Learning Disentangled Phone and Speaker Representations in a Semi-Supervised VQ-VAE Paradigmcited by 12
- 2019Scene-Aware Audio Rendering via Deep Acoustic Analysiscited by 11
- 2021Enhancing into the codec: Noise Robust Speech Coding with Vector-Quantized Autoencoderscited by 7
4 more
- 2021Revisiting Speech Content Privacycited by 5
- 2021Exploring Disentanglement with Multilingual and Monolingual VQ-VAEcited by 4
- 2023New Challenges for Content Privacy in Speech and Audiocited by 4
- 2022Adversarial Privacy Protection on Speech Enhancementcited by 1
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Citing papers per year: 2025: 1; 2026: 2.
3 papers.
Similar, not cited
Close in wording, no citation either way
- 2022Privacy-Preserving Speech Representation Learning using Vector Quantization
- 2024Exploring VQ-VAE with Prosody Parameters for Speaker Anonymization
- 2025SEF-MK: Speaker-Embedding-Free Voice Anonymization through Multi-k-means Quantization
- 2025VoxGuard: Evaluating User and Attribute Privacy in Speech via Membership Inference Attacks
- 2026Listen to the Features: Voice Anonymization Driven by Content Embedding Matching over Signal Reconstruction
- 2022Are disentangled representations all you need to build speaker anonymization systems?
- 2026Evaluating Machine Unlearning in ASR
- 2025Quantum-Inspired Audio Unlearning: Towards Privacy-Preserving Voice Biometrics