Continuous Diffusion for Mixed-Type Tabular Data
On the map: Diffusion models → Flow matching, time series and science
Abstract (arXiv)
Score-based generative models, commonly referred to as diffusion models, have proven to be successful at generating text and image data. However, their adaptation to mixed-type tabular data remains underexplored. In this work, we propose CDTD, a Continuous Diffusion model for mixed-type Tabular Data. CDTD is based on a novel combination of score matching and score interpolation to enforce a unified continuous noise distribution for both continuous and categorical features. We explicitly acknowledge the necessity of homogenizing distinct data types by relying on model-specific loss calibration and initialization schemes. To further address the high heterogeneity in mixed-type tabular data, we introduce adaptive feature- or type-specific noise schedules. These ensure balanced generative performance across features and optimize the allocation of model capacity across features and diffusion time. Our experimental results show that CDTD consistently outperforms state-of-the-art benchmark models, captures feature correlations exceptionally well, and that heterogeneity in the noise schedule design boosts sample quality. Replication code is available at https://github.com/muellermarkus/cdtd.
Key facts. Cited by 16 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in Flow matching, time series and science, one of 14 directions in Diffusion models. Builds on 46 of its 66 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 16 Dec 2023.
Builds on
46 of 66 references.
Closest ancestors · 5
Same direction, newest first
- 2023Mixed-Type Tabular Data Synthesis with Score-based Diffusion in Latent Space14 Oct
- 2023CoDi: Co-evolving Contrastive Diffusion Models for Mixed-type Tabular Synthesis25 Apr
- 2022STaSy: Score-based Tabular data Synthesis8 Oct
- 2022TabDDPM: Modelling Tabular Data with Diffusion Models30 Sep
- 2022Equivariant Diffusion for Molecule Generation in 3D31 Mar
Other references · 41
- 2020Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Modelscited by 20,851
- 2021High-Resolution Image Synthesis with Latent Diffusion Modelscited by 18,694
- 2020Score-Based Generative Modeling through Stochastic Differential Equationscited by 8,964
- 2021Diffusion Models Beat GANs on Image Synthesiscited by 8,185
- 2015Deep Unsupervised Learning using Nonequilibrium Thermodynamicscited by 7,005
- 2022Scalable Diffusion Models with Transformerscited by 5,931
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- 2021Improved Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Modelscited by 3,736
- 2022Elucidating the Design Space of Diffusion-Based Generative Modelscited by 2,994
- 2019Optuna: A Next-generation Hyperparameter Optimization Frameworkcited by 2,455
- 2022Video Diffusion Modelscited by 2,280
- 2022DPM-Solver: A Fast ODE Solver for Diffusion Probabilistic Model Sampling in Around 10 Stepscited by 1,961
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- 2021Structured Denoising Diffusion Models in Discrete State-Spacescited by 1,665
- 2022RePaint: Inpainting using Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Modelscited by 1,419
- 2017Multi-Task Learning Using Uncertainty to Weigh Losses for Scene Geometry and Semanticscited by 1,345
- 2021Variational Diffusion Modelscited by 1,145
- 2022Diffusion-LM Improves Controllable Text Generationcited by 1,006
- 2019Modeling Tabular data using Conditional GANcited by 695
- 2021Argmax Flows and Multinomial Diffusion: Learning Categorical Distributionscited by 566
- 2021Retiring Adult: New Datasets for Fair Machine Learningcited by 443
- 2022A Continuous Time Framework for Discrete Denoising Modelscited by 437
- 2023Analyzing and Improving the Training Dynamics of Diffusion Modelscited by 396
- 2022Analog Bits: Generating Discrete Data using Diffusion Models with Self-Conditioningcited by 362
- 2023Understanding Diffusion Objectives as the ELBO with Simple Data Augmentationcited by 293
- 2022Language Models are Realistic Tabular Data Generatorscited by 290
- 2022Continuous diffusion for categorical datacited by 202
- 2023On the Importance of Noise Scheduling for Diffusion Modelscited by 193
- 2022Scalable Adaptive Computation for Iterative Generationcited by 190
- 2022On Embeddings for Numerical Features in Tabular Deep Learningcited by 185
- 2022Score-based Continuous-time Discrete Diffusion Modelscited by 167
- 2015On Wasserstein Two Sample Testing and Related Families of Nonparametric Testscited by 165
- 2021CTAB-GAN: Effective Table Data Synthesizingcited by 156
- 2022Concrete Score Matching: Generalized Score Matching for Discrete Datacited by 144
- 2022Self-conditioned Embedding Diffusion for Text Generationcited by 114
- 2023AR-Diffusion: Auto-Regressive Diffusion Model for Text Generationcited by 113
- 2023Synthcity: facilitating innovative use cases of synthetic data in different data modalitiescited by 76
- 2020VAEM: a Deep Generative Model for Heterogeneous Mixed Type Datacited by 66
- 2023Generating and Imputing Tabular Data via Diffusion and Flow-based Gradient-Boosted Treescited by 60
- 2022Adversarial random forests for density estimation and generative modelingcited by 44
- 2022Non-Uniform Diffusion Modelscited by 14
- 2023Diffusing Gaussian Mixtures for Generating Categorical Datacited by 4
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Citing papers per year: 2024: 1; 2025: 5; 2026: 10.
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- 2024TabDiff: a Mixed-type Diffusion Model for Tabular Data Generationcited by 60
- 2025The DCR Delusion: Measuring the Privacy Risk of Synthetic Datacited by 11
- 2025Diffusion and Flow Matching Models for Tabular Data: A Surveycited by 8
- 2025Flow Matching for Tabular Data Synthesiscited by 6
- 2025TabRep: Training Tabular Diffusion Models with a Simple and Effective Continuous Representationcited by 5
- 2026Cascaded Flow Matching for Heterogeneous Tabular Data with Mixed-Type Featurescited by 4
- 2026Rethinking Anonymity Claims in Synthetic Data Generation: A Model-Centric Privacy Attack Perspectivecited by 1
- 2026TabDLM: Free-Form Tabular Data Generation via Joint Numerical-Language Diffusioncited by 1
- 2026A Sobering Look at Tabular Data Generation via Probabilistic Circuitscited by 1
- 2026Self-Reinforcing Controllable Synthesis of Rare Relational Data via Bayesian Calibrationcited by 1
- 2026AugMask: Training Diffusion Models on Incomplete Tabular Data via Stochastic Augmentation and Maskingcited by 1
- 2025Privacy-Preserving Tabular Synthetic Data Generation Using TabularARGNcited by 0
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- 2026FUSE: Feature-Wise Unified Specialization with Cross-Column Exchange for Mixed-Type Tabular Flow Matchingcited by 0
- 2026FUSE: Feature-Wise Unified Specialization with Cross-Column Exchange for Mixed-Type Tabular Flow Matching7 Aug 2026
- 2026Understanding Latent Flow Models for Tabular Data Synthesis: Targets, Paths, and Sampling18 Jun 2026
- 2026AugMask: Training Diffusion Models on Incomplete Tabular Data via Stochastic Augmentation and Masking2 Jun 2026
- 2026Segment-driven Structural Induction and Semantic Alignment for Heterogeneous Tabular Representation1 Jun 2026
- 2026Self-Reinforcing Controllable Synthesis of Rare Relational Data via Bayesian Calibration18 Apr 2026
- 2026CDMT-EHR: A Continuous-Time Diffusion Framework for Generating Mixed-Type Time-Series Electronic Health Records24 Mar 2026
- 2026A Sobering Look at Tabular Data Generation via Probabilistic Circuits24 Mar 2026
- 2026TabDLM: Free-Form Tabular Data Generation via Joint Numerical-Language Diffusion26 Feb 2026
- 2026Cascaded Flow Matching for Heterogeneous Tabular Data with Mixed-Type Features30 Jan 2026
- 2026Rethinking Anonymity Claims in Synthetic Data Generation: A Model-Centric Privacy Attack Perspective30 Jan 2026
- 2025Flow Matching for Tabular Data Synthesis30 Nov 2025
- 2025Privacy-Preserving Tabular Synthetic Data Generation Using TabularARGN8 Aug 2025
4 more
- 2025The DCR Delusion: Measuring the Privacy Risk of Synthetic Data2 May 2025
- 2025TabRep: Training Tabular Diffusion Models with a Simple and Effective Continuous Representation7 Apr 2025
- 2025Diffusion and Flow Matching Models for Tabular Data: A Survey24 Feb 2025
- 2024TabDiff: a Mixed-type Diffusion Model for Tabular Data Generation27 Oct 2024
- 2024TabDiff: a Mixed-type Diffusion Model for Tabular Data Generationcited by 60
- 2025Diffusion and Flow Matching Models for Tabular Data: A Surveycited by 8
- 2025Flow Matching for Tabular Data Synthesiscited by 6
- 2025TabRep: Training Tabular Diffusion Models with a Simple and Effective Continuous Representationcited by 5
- 2026Cascaded Flow Matching for Heterogeneous Tabular Data with Mixed-Type Featurescited by 4
- 2026TabDLM: Free-Form Tabular Data Generation via Joint Numerical-Language Diffusioncited by 1
- 2026AugMask: Training Diffusion Models on Incomplete Tabular Data via Stochastic Augmentation and Maskingcited by 1
- 2026FUSE: Feature-Wise Unified Specialization with Cross-Column Exchange for Mixed-Type Tabular Flow Matchingcited by 0
- 2026FUSE: Feature-Wise Unified Specialization with Cross-Column Exchange for Mixed-Type Tabular Flow Matching7 Aug 2026
- 2026AugMask: Training Diffusion Models on Incomplete Tabular Data via Stochastic Augmentation and Masking2 Jun 2026
- 2026TabDLM: Free-Form Tabular Data Generation via Joint Numerical-Language Diffusion26 Feb 2026
- 2026Cascaded Flow Matching for Heterogeneous Tabular Data with Mixed-Type Features30 Jan 2026
- 2025Flow Matching for Tabular Data Synthesis30 Nov 2025
- 2025TabRep: Training Tabular Diffusion Models with a Simple and Effective Continuous Representation7 Apr 2025
- 2025Diffusion and Flow Matching Models for Tabular Data: A Survey24 Feb 2025
- 2024TabDiff: a Mixed-type Diffusion Model for Tabular Data Generation27 Oct 2024
- 2026Rethinking Anonymity Claims in Synthetic Data Generation: A Model-Centric Privacy Attack Perspectivecited by 1
- 2026A Sobering Look at Tabular Data Generation via Probabilistic Circuitscited by 1
- 2026Self-Reinforcing Controllable Synthesis of Rare Relational Data via Bayesian Calibrationcited by 1
- 2025Privacy-Preserving Tabular Synthetic Data Generation Using TabularARGNcited by 0
- 2026CDMT-EHR: A Continuous-Time Diffusion Framework for Generating Mixed-Type Time-Series Electronic Health Recordscited by 0
- 2026Segment-driven Structural Induction and Semantic Alignment for Heterogeneous Tabular Representationcited by 0
- 2026Understanding Latent Flow Models for Tabular Data Synthesis: Targets, Paths, and Samplingcited by 0
- 2026Understanding Latent Flow Models for Tabular Data Synthesis: Targets, Paths, and Sampling18 Jun 2026
- 2026Segment-driven Structural Induction and Semantic Alignment for Heterogeneous Tabular Representation1 Jun 2026
- 2026Self-Reinforcing Controllable Synthesis of Rare Relational Data via Bayesian Calibration18 Apr 2026
- 2026CDMT-EHR: A Continuous-Time Diffusion Framework for Generating Mixed-Type Time-Series Electronic Health Records24 Mar 2026
- 2026A Sobering Look at Tabular Data Generation via Probabilistic Circuits24 Mar 2026
- 2026Rethinking Anonymity Claims in Synthetic Data Generation: A Model-Centric Privacy Attack Perspective30 Jan 2026
- 2025Privacy-Preserving Tabular Synthetic Data Generation Using TabularARGN8 Aug 2025
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- 2026CDMD: A Cross-Dataset Mixed-Type Diffusion Model for Tabular Data
- 2025CausalDiffTab: Mixed-Type Causal-Aware Diffusion for Tabular Data Generation
- 2026Generating Benchmark Health Data Using a Tabular Diffusion Transformer
- 2024Balanced Mixed-Type Tabular Data Synthesis with Diffusion Models
- 2026XGenBoost: Synthesizing Small and Large Tabular Datasets with XGBoost
- 2024CTSyn: A Foundation Model for Cross Tabular Data Generation
- 2023AutoDiff: combining Auto-encoder and Diffusion model for tabular data synthesizing
- 2024Diffusion-nested Auto-Regressive Synthesis of Heterogeneous Tabular Data