mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Continuous Diffusion for Mixed-Type Tabular Data

arXiv 2312.10431 ↗First posted 16 Dec 2023cs.LG stat.MLcited by 16

On the map: Diffusion models → Flow matching, time series and science

Abstract (arXiv)

Score-based generative models, commonly referred to as diffusion models, have proven to be successful at generating text and image data. However, their adaptation to mixed-type tabular data remains underexplored. In this work, we propose CDTD, a Continuous Diffusion model for mixed-type Tabular Data. CDTD is based on a novel combination of score matching and score interpolation to enforce a unified continuous noise distribution for both continuous and categorical features. We explicitly acknowledge the necessity of homogenizing distinct data types by relying on model-specific loss calibration and initialization schemes. To further address the high heterogeneity in mixed-type tabular data, we introduce adaptive feature- or type-specific noise schedules. These ensure balanced generative performance across features and optimize the allocation of model capacity across features and diffusion time. Our experimental results show that CDTD consistently outperforms state-of-the-art benchmark models, captures feature correlations exceptionally well, and that heterogeneity in the noise schedule design boosts sample quality. Replication code is available at https://github.com/muellermarkus/cdtd.

Key facts. Cited by 16 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in Flow matching, time series and science, one of 14 directions in Diffusion models. Builds on 46 of its 66 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 16 Dec 2023.

Builds on

46 of 66 references.

Closest ancestors · 5

Same direction, newest first

  1. 2023Mixed-Type Tabular Data Synthesis with Score-based Diffusion in Latent Space14 Oct
  2. 2023CoDi: Co-evolving Contrastive Diffusion Models for Mixed-type Tabular Synthesis25 Apr
  3. 2022STaSy: Score-based Tabular data Synthesis8 Oct
  4. 2022TabDDPM: Modelling Tabular Data with Diffusion Models30 Sep
  5. 2022Equivariant Diffusion for Molecule Generation in 3D31 Mar

Other references · 41

  1. 2020Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Modelscited by 20,851
  2. 2021High-Resolution Image Synthesis with Latent Diffusion Modelscited by 18,694
  3. 2020Score-Based Generative Modeling through Stochastic Differential Equationscited by 8,964
  4. 2021Diffusion Models Beat GANs on Image Synthesiscited by 8,185
  5. 2015Deep Unsupervised Learning using Nonequilibrium Thermodynamicscited by 7,005
  6. 2022Scalable Diffusion Models with Transformerscited by 5,931
  7. 2022Classifier-Free Diffusion Guidancecited by 5,717
  8. 2021Improved Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Modelscited by 3,736
  9. 2022Elucidating the Design Space of Diffusion-Based Generative Modelscited by 2,994
  10. 2019Optuna: A Next-generation Hyperparameter Optimization Frameworkcited by 2,455
  11. 2022Video Diffusion Modelscited by 2,280
  12. 2022DPM-Solver: A Fast ODE Solver for Diffusion Probabilistic Model Sampling in Around 10 Stepscited by 1,961
29 more
  1. 2021Structured Denoising Diffusion Models in Discrete State-Spacescited by 1,665
  2. 2022RePaint: Inpainting using Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Modelscited by 1,419
  3. 2017Multi-Task Learning Using Uncertainty to Weigh Losses for Scene Geometry and Semanticscited by 1,345
  4. 2021Variational Diffusion Modelscited by 1,145
  5. 2022Diffusion-LM Improves Controllable Text Generationcited by 1,006
  6. 2019Modeling Tabular data using Conditional GANcited by 695
  7. 2021Argmax Flows and Multinomial Diffusion: Learning Categorical Distributionscited by 566
  8. 2021Retiring Adult: New Datasets for Fair Machine Learningcited by 443
  9. 2022A Continuous Time Framework for Discrete Denoising Modelscited by 437
  10. 2023Analyzing and Improving the Training Dynamics of Diffusion Modelscited by 396
  11. 2022Analog Bits: Generating Discrete Data using Diffusion Models with Self-Conditioningcited by 362
  12. 2023Understanding Diffusion Objectives as the ELBO with Simple Data Augmentationcited by 293
  13. 2022Language Models are Realistic Tabular Data Generatorscited by 290
  14. 2022Continuous diffusion for categorical datacited by 202
  15. 2023On the Importance of Noise Scheduling for Diffusion Modelscited by 193
  16. 2022Scalable Adaptive Computation for Iterative Generationcited by 190
  17. 2022On Embeddings for Numerical Features in Tabular Deep Learningcited by 185
  18. 2022Score-based Continuous-time Discrete Diffusion Modelscited by 167
  19. 2015On Wasserstein Two Sample Testing and Related Families of Nonparametric Testscited by 165
  20. 2021CTAB-GAN: Effective Table Data Synthesizingcited by 156
  21. 2022Concrete Score Matching: Generalized Score Matching for Discrete Datacited by 144
  22. 2022Self-conditioned Embedding Diffusion for Text Generationcited by 114
  23. 2023AR-Diffusion: Auto-Regressive Diffusion Model for Text Generationcited by 113
  24. 2023Synthcity: facilitating innovative use cases of synthetic data in different data modalitiescited by 76
  25. 2020VAEM: a Deep Generative Model for Heterogeneous Mixed Type Datacited by 66
  26. 2023Generating and Imputing Tabular Data via Diffusion and Flow-based Gradient-Boosted Treescited by 60
  27. 2022Adversarial random forests for density estimation and generative modelingcited by 44
  28. 2022Non-Uniform Diffusion Modelscited by 14
  29. 2023Diffusing Gaussian Mixtures for Generating Categorical Datacited by 4

Built on by

Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2024: 1; 2025: 5; 2026: 10.

16 papers.

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By area:

  1. 2024TabDiff: a Mixed-type Diffusion Model for Tabular Data Generationcited by 60
  2. 2025The DCR Delusion: Measuring the Privacy Risk of Synthetic Datacited by 11
  3. 2025Diffusion and Flow Matching Models for Tabular Data: A Surveycited by 8
  4. 2025Flow Matching for Tabular Data Synthesiscited by 6
  5. 2025TabRep: Training Tabular Diffusion Models with a Simple and Effective Continuous Representationcited by 5
  6. 2026Cascaded Flow Matching for Heterogeneous Tabular Data with Mixed-Type Featurescited by 4
  7. 2026Rethinking Anonymity Claims in Synthetic Data Generation: A Model-Centric Privacy Attack Perspectivecited by 1
  8. 2026TabDLM: Free-Form Tabular Data Generation via Joint Numerical-Language Diffusioncited by 1
  9. 2026A Sobering Look at Tabular Data Generation via Probabilistic Circuitscited by 1
  10. 2026Self-Reinforcing Controllable Synthesis of Rare Relational Data via Bayesian Calibrationcited by 1
  11. 2026AugMask: Training Diffusion Models on Incomplete Tabular Data via Stochastic Augmentation and Maskingcited by 1
  12. 2025Privacy-Preserving Tabular Synthetic Data Generation Using TabularARGNcited by 0
4 more
  1. 2026CDMT-EHR: A Continuous-Time Diffusion Framework for Generating Mixed-Type Time-Series Electronic Health Recordscited by 0
  2. 2026Segment-driven Structural Induction and Semantic Alignment for Heterogeneous Tabular Representationcited by 0
  3. 2026Understanding Latent Flow Models for Tabular Data Synthesis: Targets, Paths, and Samplingcited by 0
  4. 2026FUSE: Feature-Wise Unified Specialization with Cross-Column Exchange for Mixed-Type Tabular Flow Matchingcited by 0

Similar, not cited

Close in wording, no citation either way

  1. 2026CDMD: A Cross-Dataset Mixed-Type Diffusion Model for Tabular Data
  2. 2025CausalDiffTab: Mixed-Type Causal-Aware Diffusion for Tabular Data Generation
  3. 2026Generating Benchmark Health Data Using a Tabular Diffusion Transformer
  4. 2024Balanced Mixed-Type Tabular Data Synthesis with Diffusion Models
  5. 2026XGenBoost: Synthesizing Small and Large Tabular Datasets with XGBoost
  6. 2024CTSyn: A Foundation Model for Cross Tabular Data Generation
  7. 2023AutoDiff: combining Auto-encoder and Diffusion model for tabular data synthesizing
  8. 2024Diffusion-nested Auto-Regressive Synthesis of Heterogeneous Tabular Data