mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

Towards Improving Document Understanding: An Exploration on Text-Grounding via MLLMs

arXiv 2311.13194 ↗First posted 22 Nov 2023cs.CVcited by 25

On the map: Multimodal LLMs / vision-language models → VLM benchmarks and visual reasoning

Abstract (arXiv)

In the field of document understanding, significant advances have been made in the fine-tuning of Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) with instruction-following data. Nevertheless, the potential of text-grounding capability within text-rich scenarios remains underexplored. In this paper, we present a text-grounding document understanding model, termed TGDoc, which addresses this deficiency by enhancing MLLMs with the ability to discern the spatial positioning of text within images. Empirical evidence suggests that text-grounding improves the model's interpretation of textual content, thereby elevating its proficiency in comprehending text-rich images. Specifically, we compile a dataset containing 99K PowerPoint presentations sourced from the internet. We formulate instruction tuning tasks including text detection, recognition, and spotting to facilitate the cohesive alignment between the visual encoder and large language model. Moreover, we curate a collection of text-rich images and prompt the text-only GPT-4 to generate 12K high-quality conversations, featuring textual locations within text-rich scenarios. By integrating text location data into the instructions, TGDoc is adept at discerning text locations during the visual question process. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our method achieves state-of-the-art performance across multiple text-rich benchmarks, validating the effectiveness of our method.

Key facts. Cited by 25 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Placed in VLM benchmarks and visual reasoning, one of 16 directions in Multimodal LLMs / vision-language models. Builds on 40 of its 50 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 22 Nov 2023.

Builds on

40 of 50 references.

Closest ancestors · 5

Same direction, newest first

  1. 2023Ferret: Refer and Ground Anything Anywhere at Any Granularity11 Oct
  2. 2023OpenFlamingo: An Open-Source Framework for Training Large Autoregressive Vision-Language Models2 Aug
  3. 2023Kosmos-2: Grounding Multimodal Large Language Models to the World26 Jun
  4. 2022Flamingo: a Visual Language Model for Few-Shot Learning29 Apr
  5. 2022BLIP: Bootstrapping Language-Image Pre-training for Unified Vision-Language Understanding and Generation28 Jan

Other references · 35

  1. 2021Learning Transferable Visual Models From Natural Language Supervisioncited by 33,744
  2. 2020An Image is Worth 16x16 Words: Transformers for Image Recognition at Scalecited by 30,186
  3. 2022Training language models to follow instructions with human feedbackcited by 15,971
  4. 2023LLaMA: Open and Efficient Foundation Language Modelscited by 14,132
  5. 2022Chain-of-Thought Prompting Elicits Reasoning in Large Language Modelscited by 12,459
  6. 2023Visual Instruction Tuningcited by 7,869
  7. 2023BLIP-2: Bootstrapping Language-Image Pre-training with Frozen Image Encoders and Large Language Modelscited by 6,137
  8. 2016SGDR: Stochastic Gradient Descent with Warm Restartscited by 5,045
  9. 2022Scaling Instruction-Finetuned Language Modelscited by 3,024
  10. 2022Self-Instruct: Aligning Language Models with Self-Generated Instructionscited by 2,724
  11. 2023MiniGPT-4: Enhancing Vision-Language Understanding with Advanced Large Language Modelscited by 2,711
  12. 2023PaLM-E: An Embodied Multimodal Language Modelcited by 2,071
23 more
  1. 2019Towards VQA Models That Can Readcited by 1,718
  2. 2021LAION-400M: Open Dataset of CLIP-Filtered 400 Million Image-Text Pairscited by 1,555
  3. 2022ChartQA: A Benchmark for Question Answering about Charts with Visual and Logical Reasoningcited by 1,479
  4. 2020DocVQA: A Dataset for VQA on Document Imagescited by 1,317
  5. 2023mPLUG-Owl: Modularization Empowers Large Language Models with Multimodalitycited by 1,040
  6. 2023Shikra: Unleashing Multimodal LLM's Referential Dialogue Magiccited by 906
  7. 2022EVA: Exploring the Limits of Masked Visual Representation Learning at Scalecited by 691
  8. 2023The Dawn of LMMs: Preliminary Explorations with GPT-4V(ision)cited by 681
  9. 2019LayoutLM: Pre-training of Text and Layout for Document Image Understandingcited by 553
  10. 2021InfographicVQAcited by 437
  11. 2020LayoutLMv2: Multi-modal Pre-training for Visually-Rich Document Understandingcited by 408
  12. 2023Monkey: Image Resolution and Text Label Are Important Things for Large Multi-modal Modelscited by 357
  13. 2019FUNSD: A Dataset for Form Understanding in Noisy Scanned Documentscited by 349
  14. 2023LLaVAR: Enhanced Visual Instruction Tuning for Text-Rich Image Understandingcited by 274
  15. 2021ICDAR2019 Competition on Scanned Receipt OCR and Information Extractioncited by 256
  16. 2023mPLUG-DocOwl: Modularized Multimodal Large Language Model for Document Understandingcited by 168
  17. 2023UReader: Universal OCR-free Visually-situated Language Understanding with Multimodal Large Language Modelcited by 143
  18. 2023KOSMOS-2.5: A Multimodal Literate Modelcited by 96
  19. 2022Plug-and-Play VQA: Zero-shot VQA by Conjoining Large Pretrained Models with Zero Trainingcited by 88
  20. 2021LayoutReader: Pre-training of Text and Layout for Reading Order Detectioncited by 80
  21. 2023Visual Information Extraction in the Wild: Practical Dataset and End-to-end Solutioncited by 54
  22. 2019ICDAR 2019 Competition on Scene Text Visual Question Answeringcited by 46
  23. 2023StrucTexTv2: Masked Visual-Textual Prediction for Document Image Pre-trainingcited by 39

Built on by

Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2023: 1; 2024: 11; 2025: 9; 2026: 4.

25 papers.

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By area:

  1. 2024TextMonkey: An OCR-Free Large Multimodal Model for Understanding Documentcited by 174
  2. 2024InternLM-XComposer2-4KHD: A Pioneering Large Vision-Language Model Handling Resolutions from 336 Pixels to 4K HDcited by 159
  3. 2025Baichuan-Omni-1.5 Technical Reportcited by 111
  4. 2025Dolphin: Document Image Parsing via Heterogeneous Anchor Promptingcited by 79
  5. 2024TextSquare: Scaling up Text-Centric Visual Instruction Tuningcited by 62
  6. 2024Harmonizing Visual Text Comprehension and Generationcited by 54
  7. 2024Baichuan-Omni Technical Reportcited by 42
  8. 2024TextCoT: Zoom In for Enhanced Multimodal Text-Rich Image Understandingcited by 38
  9. 2025Visual Large Language Models for Generalized and Specialized Applicationscited by 36
  10. 2024DocKylin: A Large Multimodal Model for Visual Document Understanding with Efficient Visual Slimmingcited by 35
  11. 2023mPLUG-PaperOwl: Scientific Diagram Analysis with the Multimodal Large Language Modelcited by 32
  12. 2024Mini-Monkey: Alleviating the Semantic Sawtooth Effect for Lightweight MLLMs via Complementary Image Pyramidcited by 26
13 more
  1. 2025OmniParser V2: Structured-Points-of-Thought for Unified Visual Text Parsing and Its Generality to Multimodal Large Language Modelscited by 23
  2. 2026Dolphin-v2: Universal Document Parsing via Scalable Anchor Promptingcited by 22
  3. 2025Docopilot: Improving Multimodal Models for Document-Level Understandingcited by 19
  4. 2024Plug-and-Play Grounding of Reasoning in Multimodal Large Language Modelscited by 18
  5. 2025Towards Visual Text Grounding of Multimodal Large Language Modelcited by 18
  6. 2024LLaVA-Read: Enhancing Reading Ability of Multimodal Language Modelscited by 12
  7. 2025DocR1: Evidence Page-Guided GRPO for Multi-Page Document Understandingcited by 11
  8. 2025A Survey on MLLM-based Visually Rich Document Understanding: Methods, Challenges, and Emerging Trendscited by 8
  9. 2026Beyond Human Annotation: Recent Advances in Data Generation Methods for Document Intelligencecited by 4
  10. 2026DocPrune:Efficient Document Question Answering via Background, Question, and Comprehension-aware Token Pruningcited by 4
  11. 2026Hierarchical Evidence-Driven Reasoning for Long Document Understandingcited by 2
  12. 2024AdaptVision: Dynamic Input Scaling in MLLMs for Versatile Scene Understandingcited by 1
  13. 2025DRISHTIKON: Visual Grounding at Multiple Granularities in Documentscited by 1

Similar, not cited

Close in wording, no citation either way

  1. 2024DOGR: Towards Versatile Visual Document Grounding and Referring
  2. 2025Your Large Vision-Language Model Only Needs A Few Attention Heads For Visual Grounding
  3. 2025GroundingME: Exposing the Visual Grounding Gap in MLLMs through Multi-Dimensional Evaluation
  4. 2026An LMM for Precisely Grounding Elements in Documents
  5. 2024MC-Bench: A Benchmark for Multi-Context Visual Grounding in the Era of MLLMs
  6. 2025Towards Understanding Visual Grounding in Visual Language Models
  7. 2024LLM-Optic: Unveiling the Capabilities of Large Language Models for Universal Visual Grounding
  8. 2025Multimodal Large Language Models for Text-rich Image Understanding: A Comprehensive Review