FLEEK: Factual Error Detection and Correction with Evidence Retrieved from External Knowledge
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Abstract (arXiv)
Detecting factual errors in textual information, whether generated by large language models (LLM) or curated by humans, is crucial for making informed decisions. LLMs' inability to attribute their claims to external knowledge and their tendency to hallucinate makes it difficult to rely on their responses. Humans, too, are prone to factual errors in their writing. Since manual detection and correction of factual errors is labor-intensive, developing an automatic approach can greatly reduce human effort. We present FLEEK, a prototype tool that automatically extracts factual claims from text, gathers evidence from external knowledge sources, evaluates the factuality of each claim, and suggests revisions for identified errors using the collected evidence. Initial empirical evaluation on fact error detection (77-85% F1) shows the potential of FLEEK. A video demo of FLEEK can be found at https://youtu.be/NapJFUlkPdQ.
Key facts. Cited by 24 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 7 of its 12 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 26 Oct 2023.
Builds on
7 of 12 references.
References · 7
- 2018FEVER: a large-scale dataset for Fact Extraction and VERificationcited by 1,362
- 2023Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmapcited by 663
- 2021FEVEROUS: Fact Extraction and VERification Over Unstructured and Structured informationcited by 166
- 2019Fine-grained Fact Verification with Kernel Graph Attention Networkcited by 105
- 2019Reasoning Over Semantic-Level Graph for Fact Checkingcited by 69
- 2022Saga: A Platform for Continuous Construction and Serving of Knowledge At Scalecited by 18
- 2022Paragraph-based Transformer Pre-training for Multi-Sentence Inferencecited by 7
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Citing papers per year: 2024: 12; 2025: 10; 2026: 2.
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- 2025A Survey of Graph Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Customized Large Language Modelscited by 85
- 2024Building Guardrails for Large Language Modelscited by 61
- 2024Knowledge Graphs, Large Language Models, and Hallucinations: An NLP Perspectivecited by 29
- 2024LEMMA: Towards LVLM-Enhanced Multimodal Misinformation Detection with External Knowledge Augmentationcited by 28
- 2024Learning to Refine with Fine-Grained Natural Language Feedbackcited by 27
- 2024Mitigating Large Language Model Hallucination with Faithful Finetuningcited by 24
- 2024Mitigating Hallucinations in Large Language Models via Self-Refinement-Enhanced Knowledge Retrievalcited by 16
- 2024FACTOID: FACtual enTailment fOr hallucInation Detectioncited by 10
- 2024FactLens: Benchmarking Fine-Grained Fact Verificationcited by 10
- 2024Zero-resource Hallucination Detection for Text Generation via Graph-based Contextual Knowledge Triples Modelingcited by 9
- 2024Enhanced Language Model Truthfulness with Learnable Intervention and Uncertainty Expressioncited by 6
- 2025A Survey on Proactive Defense Strategies Against Misinformation in Large Language Modelscited by 5
12 more
- 2024Medico: Towards Hallucination Detection and Correction with Multi-source Evidence Fusioncited by 3
- 2025The Narrative Continuity Test: A Conceptual Framework for Evaluating Identity Persistence in AI Systemscited by 3
- 2025Better Datasets Start From RefineLab: Automatic Optimization for High-Quality Dataset Refinementcited by 3
- 2025PASS-FC: Progressive and Adaptive Search Scheme for Fact Checking of Comprehensive Claimscited by 2
- 2025MultiHal: Multilingual Dataset for Knowledge-Graph Grounded Evaluation of LLM Hallucinationscited by 2
- 2025Mis-prompt: Benchmarking Large Language Models for Proactive Error Handlingcited by 2
- 2024VERITAS-NLI : Validation and Extraction of Reliable Information Through Automated Scraping and Natural Language Inferencecited by 1
- 2025ShortCheck: Checkworthiness Detection of Multilingual Short-Form Videoscited by 1
- 2025UniKnow: A Unified Framework for Reliable Language Model Behavior across Parametric and External Knowledgecited by 0
- 2025JointCQ: Improving Factual Hallucination Detection with Joint Claim and Query Generationcited by 0
- 2026Mask-to-Correct^+: Leveraging Retriever Diversity for Masking-guided Faithful Fact Correctioncited by 0
- 2026An Empirical Analysis of Factual Errors in Human-Written Text and Its Application to Factual Error Detectioncited by 0
- 2026An Empirical Analysis of Factual Errors in Human-Written Text and Its Application to Factual Error Detection26 Jun 2026
- 2026Mask-to-Correct^+: Leveraging Retriever Diversity for Masking-guided Faithful Fact Correction21 Apr 2026
- 2025Better Datasets Start From RefineLab: Automatic Optimization for High-Quality Dataset Refinement9 Nov 2025
- 2025The Narrative Continuity Test: A Conceptual Framework for Evaluating Identity Persistence in AI Systems28 Oct 2025
- 2025JointCQ: Improving Factual Hallucination Detection with Joint Claim and Query Generation22 Oct 2025
- 2025ShortCheck: Checkworthiness Detection of Multilingual Short-Form Videos24 Sep 2025
- 2025A Survey on Proactive Defense Strategies Against Misinformation in Large Language Models5 Jul 2025
- 2025Mis-prompt: Benchmarking Large Language Models for Proactive Error Handling29 May 2025
- 2025MultiHal: Multilingual Dataset for Knowledge-Graph Grounded Evaluation of LLM Hallucinations20 May 2025
- 2025PASS-FC: Progressive and Adaptive Search Scheme for Fact Checking of Comprehensive Claims14 Apr 2025
- 2025UniKnow: A Unified Framework for Reliable Language Model Behavior across Parametric and External Knowledge19 Feb 2025
- 2025A Survey of Graph Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Customized Large Language Models21 Jan 2025
12 more
- 2024Knowledge Graphs, Large Language Models, and Hallucinations: An NLP Perspective21 Nov 2024
- 2024FactLens: Benchmarking Fine-Grained Fact Verification8 Nov 2024
- 2024Medico: Towards Hallucination Detection and Correction with Multi-source Evidence Fusion14 Oct 2024
- 2024VERITAS-NLI : Validation and Extraction of Reliable Information Through Automated Scraping and Natural Language Inference12 Oct 2024
- 2024Zero-resource Hallucination Detection for Text Generation via Graph-based Contextual Knowledge Triples Modeling17 Sep 2024
- 2024Learning to Refine with Fine-Grained Natural Language Feedback2 Jul 2024
- 2024Mitigating Large Language Model Hallucination with Faithful Finetuning17 Jun 2024
- 2024Mitigating Hallucinations in Large Language Models via Self-Refinement-Enhanced Knowledge Retrieval10 May 2024
- 2024Enhanced Language Model Truthfulness with Learnable Intervention and Uncertainty Expression1 May 2024
- 2024FACTOID: FACtual enTailment fOr hallucInation Detection28 Mar 2024
- 2024LEMMA: Towards LVLM-Enhanced Multimodal Misinformation Detection with External Knowledge Augmentation19 Feb 2024
- 2024Building Guardrails for Large Language Models2 Feb 2024
- 2024Building Guardrails for Large Language Modelscited by 61
- 2024Building Guardrails for Large Language Models2 Feb 2024
- 2024Knowledge Graphs, Large Language Models, and Hallucinations: An NLP Perspectivecited by 29
- 2024LEMMA: Towards LVLM-Enhanced Multimodal Misinformation Detection with External Knowledge Augmentationcited by 28
- 2024Learning to Refine with Fine-Grained Natural Language Feedbackcited by 27
- 2024Mitigating Large Language Model Hallucination with Faithful Finetuningcited by 24
- 2024Mitigating Hallucinations in Large Language Models via Self-Refinement-Enhanced Knowledge Retrievalcited by 16
- 2024FACTOID: FACtual enTailment fOr hallucInation Detectioncited by 10
- 2024FactLens: Benchmarking Fine-Grained Fact Verificationcited by 10
- 2024Zero-resource Hallucination Detection for Text Generation via Graph-based Contextual Knowledge Triples Modelingcited by 9
- 2024Enhanced Language Model Truthfulness with Learnable Intervention and Uncertainty Expressioncited by 6
- 2025A Survey on Proactive Defense Strategies Against Misinformation in Large Language Modelscited by 5
- 2024Medico: Towards Hallucination Detection and Correction with Multi-source Evidence Fusioncited by 3
- 2025The Narrative Continuity Test: A Conceptual Framework for Evaluating Identity Persistence in AI Systemscited by 3
12 most cited of 22 All 22 (JSON)
- 2026An Empirical Analysis of Factual Errors in Human-Written Text and Its Application to Factual Error Detection26 Jun 2026
- 2026Mask-to-Correct^+: Leveraging Retriever Diversity for Masking-guided Faithful Fact Correction21 Apr 2026
- 2025Better Datasets Start From RefineLab: Automatic Optimization for High-Quality Dataset Refinement9 Nov 2025
- 2025The Narrative Continuity Test: A Conceptual Framework for Evaluating Identity Persistence in AI Systems28 Oct 2025
- 2025JointCQ: Improving Factual Hallucination Detection with Joint Claim and Query Generation22 Oct 2025
- 2025ShortCheck: Checkworthiness Detection of Multilingual Short-Form Videos24 Sep 2025
- 2025A Survey on Proactive Defense Strategies Against Misinformation in Large Language Models5 Jul 2025
- 2025Mis-prompt: Benchmarking Large Language Models for Proactive Error Handling29 May 2025
- 2025MultiHal: Multilingual Dataset for Knowledge-Graph Grounded Evaluation of LLM Hallucinations20 May 2025
- 2025PASS-FC: Progressive and Adaptive Search Scheme for Fact Checking of Comprehensive Claims14 Apr 2025
- 2025UniKnow: A Unified Framework for Reliable Language Model Behavior across Parametric and External Knowledge19 Feb 2025
- 2024Knowledge Graphs, Large Language Models, and Hallucinations: An NLP Perspective21 Nov 2024
12 newest of 22 All 22 (JSON)