Evaluating Subjective Cognitive Appraisals of Emotions from Large Language Models
Not on the map. Why?
Abstract (arXiv)
The emotions we experience involve complex processes; besides physiological aspects, research in psychology has studied cognitive appraisals where people assess their situations subjectively, according to their own values (Scherer, 2005). Thus, the same situation can often result in different emotional experiences. While the detection of emotion is a well-established task, there is very limited work so far on the automatic prediction of cognitive appraisals. This work fills the gap by presenting CovidET-Appraisals, the most comprehensive dataset to-date that assesses 24 appraisal dimensions, each with a natural language rationale, across 241 Reddit posts. CovidET-Appraisals presents an ideal testbed to evaluate the ability of large language models -- excelling at a wide range of NLP tasks -- to automatically assess and explain cognitive appraisals. We found that while the best models are performant, open-sourced LLMs fall short at this task, presenting a new challenge in the future development of emotionally intelligent models. We release our dataset at https://github.com/honglizhan/CovidET-Appraisals-Public.
Key facts. Cited by 12 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 25 of its 71 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 22 Oct 2023.
Builds on
25 of 71 references.
References · 25
- 2019Exploring the Limits of Transfer Learning with a Unified Text-to-Text Transformercited by 14,599
- 2023LLaMA: Open and Efficient Foundation Language Modelscited by 14,132
- 2019BERTScore: Evaluating Text Generation with BERTcited by 5,512
- 2022Scaling Instruction-Finetuned Language Modelscited by 3,024
- 2022Self-Instruct: Aligning Language Models with Self-Generated Instructionscited by 2,724
- 2022Measuring and Narrowing the Compositionality Gap in Language Modelscited by 1,075
- 2018Explaining Explanations: An Overview of Interpretability of Machine Learningcited by 508
- 2023Is ChatGPT a General-Purpose Natural Language Processing Task Solver?cited by 488
- 2020GoEmotions: A Dataset of Fine-Grained Emotionscited by 486
- 2020Evaluation of Text Generation: A Surveycited by 277
- 2023The False Promise of Imitating Proprietary LLMscited by 263
- 2021The GEM Benchmark: Natural Language Generation, its Evaluation and Metricscited by 239
13 more
- 2023ChatGPT: Jack of all trades, master of nonecited by 204
- 2021How Many Data Points is a Prompt Worth?cited by 198
- 2022The Unreliability of Explanations in Few-shot Prompting for Textual Reasoningcited by 169
- 2023Can ChatGPT Understand Too? A Comparative Study on ChatGPT and Fine-tuned BERTcited by 155
- 2020Natural Language Rationales with Full-Stack Visual Reasoning: From Pixels to Semantic Frames to Commonsense Graphscited by 46
- 2022Inducing Positive Perspectives with Text Reframingcited by 31
- 2020Appraisal Theories for Emotion Classification in Textcited by 28
- 2023Applying BERT and ChatGPT for Sentiment Analysis of Lyme Disease in Scientific Literaturecited by 26
- 2019Modeling emotion in complex stories: the Stanford Emotional Narratives Datasetcited by 20
- 2021DREAM: Improving Situational QA by First Elaborating the Situationcited by 18
- 2019DENS: A Dataset for Multi-class Emotion Analysiscited by 17
- 2020Detecting Perceived Emotions in Hurricane Disasterscited by 14
- 2023Unsupervised Extractive Summarization of Emotion Triggerscited by 5
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2024: 6; 2025: 2; 2026: 4.
12 papers.
- 2024Large Language Models Produce Responses Perceived to be Empathiccited by 36
- 2024Evaluating Large Language Models with Psychometricscited by 22
- 2024Position: Towards Bidirectional Human-AI Alignmentcited by 18
- 2024Large Language Models are Capable of Offering Cognitive Reappraisal, if Guidedcited by 13
- 2024Human-like Affective Cognition in Foundation Modelscited by 13
- 2026HEART: A Unified Benchmark for Assessing Humans and LLMs in Emotional Support Dialoguecited by 13
- 2025Emergence of Hierarchical Emotion Organization in Large Language Modelscited by 9
- 2024GPT-ology, Computational Models, Silicon Sampling: How should we think about LLMs in Cognitive Science?cited by 5
- 2026CAREBench: Evaluating LLMs' Emotion Understanding by Assessing Cognitive Appraisal Reasoningcited by 2
- 2025Emotionally-Aware Agents for Dispute Resolutioncited by 1
- 2026Discourse Diversity in Multi-Turn Empathic Dialoguecited by 1
- 2026Implicit Humanization in Everyday LLM Moral Judgmentscited by 0
- 2026CAREBench: Evaluating LLMs' Emotion Understanding by Assessing Cognitive Appraisal Reasoning16 May 2026
- 2026Discourse Diversity in Multi-Turn Empathic Dialogue13 Apr 2026
- 2026Implicit Humanization in Everyday LLM Moral Judgments23 Mar 2026
- 2026HEART: A Unified Benchmark for Assessing Humans and LLMs in Emotional Support Dialogue9 Jan 2026
- 2025Emotionally-Aware Agents for Dispute Resolution28 Aug 2025
- 2025Emergence of Hierarchical Emotion Organization in Large Language Models12 Jul 2025
- 2024Human-like Affective Cognition in Foundation Models18 Sep 2024
- 2024Evaluating Large Language Models with Psychometrics25 Jun 2024
- 2024GPT-ology, Computational Models, Silicon Sampling: How should we think about LLMs in Cognitive Science?13 Jun 2024
- 2024Position: Towards Bidirectional Human-AI Alignment13 Jun 2024
- 2024Large Language Models are Capable of Offering Cognitive Reappraisal, if Guided1 Apr 2024
- 2024Large Language Models Produce Responses Perceived to be Empathic26 Mar 2024