mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

SC-Safety: A Multi-round Open-ended Question Adversarial Safety Benchmark for Large Language Models in Chinese

arXiv 2310.05818 ↗First posted 9 Oct 2023cs.CLcited by 17

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Abstract (arXiv)

Large language models (LLMs), like ChatGPT and GPT-4, have demonstrated remarkable abilities in natural language understanding and generation. However, alongside their positive impact on our daily tasks, they can also produce harmful content that negatively affects societal perceptions. To systematically assess the safety of Chinese LLMs, we introduce SuperCLUE-Safety (SC-Safety) - a multi-round adversarial benchmark with 4912 open-ended questions covering more than 20 safety sub-dimensions. Adversarial human-model interactions and conversations significantly increase the challenges compared to existing methods. Experiments on 13 major LLMs supporting Chinese yield the following insights: 1) Closed-source models outperform open-sourced ones in terms of safety; 2) Models released from China demonstrate comparable safety levels to LLMs like GPT-3.5-turbo; 3) Some smaller models with 6B-13B parameters can compete effectively in terms of safety. By introducing SC-Safety, we aim to promote collaborative efforts to create safer and more trustworthy LLMs. The benchmark and findings provide guidance on model selection. Our benchmark can be found at https://www.CLUEbenchmarks.com

Key facts. Cited by 17 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 7 of its 11 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 9 Oct 2023.

Builds on

7 of 11 references.

References · 7

  1. 2023Judging LLM-as-a-Judge with MT-Bench and Chatbot Arenacited by 8,393
  2. 2021On the Opportunities and Risks of Foundation Modelscited by 3,961
  3. 2019Adversarial NLI: A New Benchmark for Natural Language Understandingcited by 798
  4. 2023C-Eval: A Multi-Level Multi-Discipline Chinese Evaluation Suite for Foundation Modelscited by 694
  5. 2020CLUE: A Chinese Language Understanding Evaluation Benchmarkcited by 277
  6. 2023SafetyBench: Evaluating the Safety of Large Language Modelscited by 189
  7. 2023CValues: Measuring the Values of Chinese Large Language Models from Safety to Responsibilitycited by 80

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2023: 3; 2024: 6; 2025: 7; 2026: 1.

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  1. 2024Great, Now Write an Article About That: The Crescendo Multi-Turn LLM Jailbreak Attackcited by 364
  2. 2024R-Judge: Benchmarking Safety Risk Awareness for LLM Agentscited by 268
  3. 2023MM-SafetyBench: A Benchmark for Safety Evaluation of Multimodal Large Language Modelscited by 255
  4. 2024OR-Bench: An Over-Refusal Benchmark for Large Language Modelscited by 222
  5. 2025Advances and Challenges in Foundation Agents: From Brain-Inspired Intelligence to Evolutionary, Collaborative, and Safe Systemscited by 125
  6. 2023Igniting Language Intelligence: The Hitchhiker's Guide From Chain-of-Thought Reasoning to Language Agentscited by 72
  7. 2024ALI-Agent: Assessing LLMs' Alignment with Human Values via Agent-based Evaluationcited by 46
  8. 2023Fake Alignment: Are LLMs Really Aligned Well?cited by 39
  9. 2025SafeDialBench: A Fine-Grained Safety Evaluation Benchmark for Large Language Models in Multi-Turn Dialogues with Diverse Jailbreak Attackscited by 23
  10. 2024AraTrust: An Evaluation of Trustworthiness for LLMs in Arabiccited by 16
  11. 2025Alignment and Safety in Large Language Models: Safety Mechanisms, Training Paradigms, and Emerging Challengescited by 14
  12. 2024CHiSafetyBench: A Chinese Hierarchical Safety Benchmark for Large Language Modelscited by 13
5 more
  1. 2025Value Compass Benchmarks: A Platform for Fundamental and Validated Evaluation of LLMs Valuescited by 6
  2. 2025AECBench: A Hierarchical Benchmark for Knowledge Evaluation of Large Language Models in the AEC Fieldcited by 6
  3. 2025MOCHA: Are Code Language Models Robust Against Multi-Turn Malicious Coding Prompts?cited by 5
  4. 2025TRIDENT: Enhancing Large Language Model Safety with Tri-Dimensional Diversified Red-Teaming Data Synthesiscited by 4
  5. 2026FinSafetyBench: Evaluating LLM Safety in Real-World Financial Scenarioscited by 3