SC-Safety: A Multi-round Open-ended Question Adversarial Safety Benchmark for Large Language Models in Chinese
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Abstract (arXiv)
Large language models (LLMs), like ChatGPT and GPT-4, have demonstrated remarkable abilities in natural language understanding and generation. However, alongside their positive impact on our daily tasks, they can also produce harmful content that negatively affects societal perceptions. To systematically assess the safety of Chinese LLMs, we introduce SuperCLUE-Safety (SC-Safety) - a multi-round adversarial benchmark with 4912 open-ended questions covering more than 20 safety sub-dimensions. Adversarial human-model interactions and conversations significantly increase the challenges compared to existing methods. Experiments on 13 major LLMs supporting Chinese yield the following insights: 1) Closed-source models outperform open-sourced ones in terms of safety; 2) Models released from China demonstrate comparable safety levels to LLMs like GPT-3.5-turbo; 3) Some smaller models with 6B-13B parameters can compete effectively in terms of safety. By introducing SC-Safety, we aim to promote collaborative efforts to create safer and more trustworthy LLMs. The benchmark and findings provide guidance on model selection. Our benchmark can be found at https://www.CLUEbenchmarks.com
Key facts. Cited by 17 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 7 of its 11 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 9 Oct 2023.
Builds on
7 of 11 references.
References · 7
- 2023Judging LLM-as-a-Judge with MT-Bench and Chatbot Arenacited by 8,393
- 2021On the Opportunities and Risks of Foundation Modelscited by 3,961
- 2019Adversarial NLI: A New Benchmark for Natural Language Understandingcited by 798
- 2023C-Eval: A Multi-Level Multi-Discipline Chinese Evaluation Suite for Foundation Modelscited by 694
- 2020CLUE: A Chinese Language Understanding Evaluation Benchmarkcited by 277
- 2023SafetyBench: Evaluating the Safety of Large Language Modelscited by 189
- 2023CValues: Measuring the Values of Chinese Large Language Models from Safety to Responsibilitycited by 80
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Citing papers per year: 2023: 3; 2024: 6; 2025: 7; 2026: 1.
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- 2024Great, Now Write an Article About That: The Crescendo Multi-Turn LLM Jailbreak Attackcited by 364
- 2024R-Judge: Benchmarking Safety Risk Awareness for LLM Agentscited by 268
- 2023MM-SafetyBench: A Benchmark for Safety Evaluation of Multimodal Large Language Modelscited by 255
- 2024OR-Bench: An Over-Refusal Benchmark for Large Language Modelscited by 222
- 2025Advances and Challenges in Foundation Agents: From Brain-Inspired Intelligence to Evolutionary, Collaborative, and Safe Systemscited by 125
- 2023Igniting Language Intelligence: The Hitchhiker's Guide From Chain-of-Thought Reasoning to Language Agentscited by 72
- 2024ALI-Agent: Assessing LLMs' Alignment with Human Values via Agent-based Evaluationcited by 46
- 2023Fake Alignment: Are LLMs Really Aligned Well?cited by 39
- 2025SafeDialBench: A Fine-Grained Safety Evaluation Benchmark for Large Language Models in Multi-Turn Dialogues with Diverse Jailbreak Attackscited by 23
- 2024AraTrust: An Evaluation of Trustworthiness for LLMs in Arabiccited by 16
- 2025Alignment and Safety in Large Language Models: Safety Mechanisms, Training Paradigms, and Emerging Challengescited by 14
- 2024CHiSafetyBench: A Chinese Hierarchical Safety Benchmark for Large Language Modelscited by 13
5 more
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- 2025MOCHA: Are Code Language Models Robust Against Multi-Turn Malicious Coding Prompts?cited by 5
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- 2026FinSafetyBench: Evaluating LLM Safety in Real-World Financial Scenarioscited by 3
- 2026FinSafetyBench: Evaluating LLM Safety in Real-World Financial Scenarios1 May 2026
- 2025AECBench: A Hierarchical Benchmark for Knowledge Evaluation of Large Language Models in the AEC Field23 Sep 2025
- 2025Alignment and Safety in Large Language Models: Safety Mechanisms, Training Paradigms, and Emerging Challenges25 Jul 2025
- 2025MOCHA: Are Code Language Models Robust Against Multi-Turn Malicious Coding Prompts?25 Jul 2025
- 2025TRIDENT: Enhancing Large Language Model Safety with Tri-Dimensional Diversified Red-Teaming Data Synthesis30 May 2025
- 2025Advances and Challenges in Foundation Agents: From Brain-Inspired Intelligence to Evolutionary, Collaborative, and Safe Systems31 Mar 2025
- 2025SafeDialBench: A Fine-Grained Safety Evaluation Benchmark for Large Language Models in Multi-Turn Dialogues with Diverse Jailbreak Attacks16 Feb 2025
- 2025Value Compass Benchmarks: A Platform for Fundamental and Validated Evaluation of LLMs Values13 Jan 2025
- 2024CHiSafetyBench: A Chinese Hierarchical Safety Benchmark for Large Language Models14 Jun 2024
- 2024OR-Bench: An Over-Refusal Benchmark for Large Language Models31 May 2024
- 2024ALI-Agent: Assessing LLMs' Alignment with Human Values via Agent-based Evaluation23 May 2024
- 2024Great, Now Write an Article About That: The Crescendo Multi-Turn LLM Jailbreak Attack2 Apr 2024
5 more
- 2024AraTrust: An Evaluation of Trustworthiness for LLMs in Arabic14 Mar 2024
- 2024R-Judge: Benchmarking Safety Risk Awareness for LLM Agents18 Jan 2024
- 2023MM-SafetyBench: A Benchmark for Safety Evaluation of Multimodal Large Language Models29 Nov 2023
- 2023Igniting Language Intelligence: The Hitchhiker's Guide From Chain-of-Thought Reasoning to Language Agents20 Nov 2023
- 2023Fake Alignment: Are LLMs Really Aligned Well?10 Nov 2023
- 2024R-Judge: Benchmarking Safety Risk Awareness for LLM Agentscited by 268
- 2025Advances and Challenges in Foundation Agents: From Brain-Inspired Intelligence to Evolutionary, Collaborative, and Safe Systemscited by 125
- 2024ALI-Agent: Assessing LLMs' Alignment with Human Values via Agent-based Evaluationcited by 46
- 2025Advances and Challenges in Foundation Agents: From Brain-Inspired Intelligence to Evolutionary, Collaborative, and Safe Systems31 Mar 2025
- 2024ALI-Agent: Assessing LLMs' Alignment with Human Values via Agent-based Evaluation23 May 2024
- 2024R-Judge: Benchmarking Safety Risk Awareness for LLM Agents18 Jan 2024
- 2024Great, Now Write an Article About That: The Crescendo Multi-Turn LLM Jailbreak Attackcited by 364
- 2025SafeDialBench: A Fine-Grained Safety Evaluation Benchmark for Large Language Models in Multi-Turn Dialogues with Diverse Jailbreak Attackscited by 23
- 2026FinSafetyBench: Evaluating LLM Safety in Real-World Financial Scenarioscited by 3
- 2026FinSafetyBench: Evaluating LLM Safety in Real-World Financial Scenarios1 May 2026
- 2025SafeDialBench: A Fine-Grained Safety Evaluation Benchmark for Large Language Models in Multi-Turn Dialogues with Diverse Jailbreak Attacks16 Feb 2025
- 2024Great, Now Write an Article About That: The Crescendo Multi-Turn LLM Jailbreak Attack2 Apr 2024
- 2023Fake Alignment: Are LLMs Really Aligned Well?cited by 39
- 2024AraTrust: An Evaluation of Trustworthiness for LLMs in Arabiccited by 16
- 2024CHiSafetyBench: A Chinese Hierarchical Safety Benchmark for Large Language Modelscited by 13
- 2025Value Compass Benchmarks: A Platform for Fundamental and Validated Evaluation of LLMs Valuescited by 6
- 2025AECBench: A Hierarchical Benchmark for Knowledge Evaluation of Large Language Models in the AEC Fieldcited by 6
- 2025MOCHA: Are Code Language Models Robust Against Multi-Turn Malicious Coding Prompts?cited by 5
- 2025AECBench: A Hierarchical Benchmark for Knowledge Evaluation of Large Language Models in the AEC Field23 Sep 2025
- 2025MOCHA: Are Code Language Models Robust Against Multi-Turn Malicious Coding Prompts?25 Jul 2025
- 2025Value Compass Benchmarks: A Platform for Fundamental and Validated Evaluation of LLMs Values13 Jan 2025
- 2024CHiSafetyBench: A Chinese Hierarchical Safety Benchmark for Large Language Models14 Jun 2024
- 2024AraTrust: An Evaluation of Trustworthiness for LLMs in Arabic14 Mar 2024
- 2023Fake Alignment: Are LLMs Really Aligned Well?10 Nov 2023