mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

Watch Your Language: Investigating Content Moderation with Large Language Models

arXiv 2309.14517 ↗First posted 25 Sep 2023cs.HC cs.AI cs.CLcited by 14

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Abstract (arXiv)

Large language models (LLMs) have exploded in popularity due to their ability to perform a wide array of natural language tasks. Text-based content moderation is one LLM use case that has received recent enthusiasm, however, there is little research investigating how LLMs perform in content moderation settings. In this work, we evaluate a suite of commodity LLMs on two common content moderation tasks: rule-based community moderation and toxic content detection. For rule-based community moderation, we instantiate 95 subcommunity specific LLMs by prompting GPT-3.5 with rules from 95 Reddit subcommunities. We find that GPT-3.5 is effective at rule-based moderation for many communities, achieving a median accuracy of 64% and a median precision of 83%. For toxicity detection, we evaluate a suite of commodity LLMs (GPT-3, GPT-3.5, GPT-4, Gemini Pro, LLAMA 2) and show that LLMs significantly outperform currently widespread toxicity classifiers. However, recent increases in model size add only marginal benefit to toxicity detection, suggesting a potential performance plateau for LLMs on toxicity detection tasks. We conclude by outlining avenues for future work in studying LLMs and content moderation.

Key facts. Cited by 14 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 20 of its 74 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 25 Sep 2023.

Builds on

20 of 74 references.

References · 20

  1. 2020Language Models are Few-Shot Learnerscited by 32,419
  2. 2023Llama 2: Open Foundation and Fine-Tuned Chat Modelscited by 13,028
  3. 2023ChatGPT Outperforms Crowd-Workers for Text-Annotation Taskscited by 870
  4. 2023A Prompt Pattern Catalog to Enhance Prompt Engineering with ChatGPTcited by 619
  5. 2021Self-Diagnosis and Self-Debiasing: A Proposal for Reducing Corpus-Based Bias in NLPcited by 337
  6. 2023How is ChatGPT's behavior changing over time?cited by 270
  7. 2021Latent Hatred: A Benchmark for Understanding Implicit Hate Speechcited by 217
  8. 2023ChatGPT-4 Outperforms Experts and Crowd Workers in Annotating Political Twitter Messages with Zero-Shot Learningcited by 100
  9. 2020Toxicity Detection: Does Context Really Matter?cited by 93
  10. 2018Conversations Gone Awry: Detecting Early Signs of Conversational Failurecited by 73
  11. 2022Human-AI Collaboration via Conditional Delegation: A Case Study of Content Moderationcited by 67
  12. 2021Designing Toxic Content Classification for a Diversity of Perspectivescited by 65
8 more
  1. 2021Detecting Hate Speech with GPT-3cited by 56
  2. 2023"HOT" ChatGPT: The promise of ChatGPT in detecting and discriminating hateful, offensive, and toxic comments on social mediacited by 45
  3. 2023You Only Prompt Once: On the Capabilities of Prompt Learning on Large Language Models to Tackle Toxic Contentcited by 39
  4. 2021The Structure of Toxic Conversations on Twittercited by 22
  5. 2021Mitigating Racial Biases in Toxic Language Detection with an Equity-Based Ensemble Frameworkcited by 19
  6. 2022A Trade-off-centered Framework of Content Moderationcited by 11
  7. 2023Hate Raids on Twitch: Echoes of the Past, New Modalities, and Implications for Platform Governancecited by 7
  8. 2023Twits, Toxic Tweets, and Tribal Tendencies: Trends in Politically Polarized Posts on Twittercited by 3

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Citing papers per year: 2023: 1; 2024: 6; 2025: 4; 2026: 3.

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