Advancing the Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Language Models: Towards a Comprehensive Benchmark Suite
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Abstract (arXiv)
The evaluation of large language models is an essential task in the field of language understanding and generation. As language models continue to advance, the need for effective benchmarks to assess their performance has become imperative. In the context of Traditional Chinese, there is a scarcity of comprehensive and diverse benchmarks to evaluate the capabilities of language models, despite the existence of certain benchmarks such as DRCD, TTQA, CMDQA, and FGC dataset. To address this gap, we propose a novel set of benchmarks that leverage existing English datasets and are tailored to evaluate language models in Traditional Chinese. These benchmarks encompass a wide range of tasks, including contextual question-answering, summarization, classification, and table understanding. The proposed benchmarks offer a comprehensive evaluation framework, enabling the assessment of language models' capabilities across different tasks. In this paper, we evaluate the performance of GPT-3.5, Taiwan-LLaMa-v1.0, and Model 7-C, our proprietary model, on these benchmarks. The evaluation results highlight that our model, Model 7-C, achieves performance comparable to GPT-3.5 with respect to a part of the evaluated capabilities. In an effort to advance the evaluation of language models in Traditional Chinese and stimulate further research in this field, we have open-sourced our benchmark and opened the model for trial.
Key facts. Cited by 14 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 12 of its 19 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 15 Sep 2023.
Builds on
12 of 19 references.
References · 12
- 2023Llama 2: Open Foundation and Fine-Tuned Chat Modelscited by 13,028
- 2020Measuring Massive Multitask Language Understandingcited by 7,963
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- 2022BLOOM: A 176B-Parameter Open-Access Multilingual Language Modelcited by 1,984
- 2023Pythia: A Suite for Analyzing Large Language Models Across Training and Scalingcited by 1,786
- 2018Don't Give Me the Details, Just the Summary! Topic-Aware Convolutional Neural Networks for Extreme Summarizationcited by 1,317
- 2023WizardLM: Empowering large pre-trained language models to follow complex instructionscited by 1,125
- 2023The RefinedWeb Dataset for Falcon LLM: Outperforming Curated Corpora with Web Data, and Web Data Onlycited by 763
- 2023AGIEval: A Human-Centric Benchmark for Evaluating Foundation Modelscited by 716
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Citing papers per year: 2023: 1; 2024: 6; 2025: 6; 2026: 1.
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- 2023Taiwan LLM: Bridging the Linguistic Divide with a Culturally Aligned Language Modelcited by 29
- 2024An Improved Traditional Chinese Evaluation Suite for Foundation Modelcited by 13
- 2025Characterizing Bias: Benchmarking Large Language Models in Simplified versus Traditional Chinesecited by 7
- 2024InstructionCP: A fast approach to transfer Large Language Models into target languagecited by 5
- 2024Breeze-7B Technical Reportcited by 4
- 2025The Breeze 2 Herd of Models: Traditional Chinese LLMs Based on Llama with Vision-Aware and Function-Calling Capabilitiescited by 4
- 2025VisTW: Benchmarking Vision-Language Models for Traditional Chinese in Taiwancited by 3
- 2024Measuring Taiwanese Mandarin Language Understandingcited by 2
- 2025Knowledge Retrieval Based on Generative AIcited by 2
- 2025Measuring Hong Kong Massive Multi-Task Language Understandingcited by 1
- 2024Hyacinth6B: A large language model for Traditional Chinesecited by 0
- 2024Bailong: Bilingual Transfer Learning based on QLoRA and Zip-tie Embeddingcited by 0
- 2026OpenTWBench (Open Taiwan Benchmark): Taiwan-Domain Knowledge Evaluation for Large Language Models, and How the Measurement Apparatus Shapes the Score14 Oct 2026
- 2025Multi-TW: Benchmarking Multimodal Models on Traditional Chinese Question Answering in Taiwan2 Aug 2025
- 2025Characterizing Bias: Benchmarking Large Language Models in Simplified versus Traditional Chinese28 May 2025
- 2025Measuring Hong Kong Massive Multi-Task Language Understanding4 May 2025
- 2025VisTW: Benchmarking Vision-Language Models for Traditional Chinese in Taiwan13 Mar 2025
- 2025The Breeze 2 Herd of Models: Traditional Chinese LLMs Based on Llama with Vision-Aware and Function-Calling Capabilities23 Jan 2025
- 2025Knowledge Retrieval Based on Generative AI8 Jan 2025
- 2024InstructionCP: A fast approach to transfer Large Language Models into target language30 May 2024
- 2024Bailong: Bilingual Transfer Learning based on QLoRA and Zip-tie Embedding1 Apr 2024
- 2024Measuring Taiwanese Mandarin Language Understanding29 Mar 2024
- 2024Hyacinth6B: A large language model for Traditional Chinese20 Mar 2024
- 2024Breeze-7B Technical Report5 Mar 2024
- 2025The Breeze 2 Herd of Models: Traditional Chinese LLMs Based on Llama with Vision-Aware and Function-Calling Capabilitiescited by 4
- 2025VisTW: Benchmarking Vision-Language Models for Traditional Chinese in Taiwancited by 3
- 2025Multi-TW: Benchmarking Multimodal Models on Traditional Chinese Question Answering in Taiwancited by 0
- 2025Multi-TW: Benchmarking Multimodal Models on Traditional Chinese Question Answering in Taiwan2 Aug 2025
- 2025VisTW: Benchmarking Vision-Language Models for Traditional Chinese in Taiwan13 Mar 2025
- 2025The Breeze 2 Herd of Models: Traditional Chinese LLMs Based on Llama with Vision-Aware and Function-Calling Capabilities23 Jan 2025
- 2025Knowledge Retrieval Based on Generative AIcited by 2
- 2025Knowledge Retrieval Based on Generative AI8 Jan 2025
- 2024An Improved Traditional Chinese Evaluation Suite for Foundation Modelcited by 13
- 2025Characterizing Bias: Benchmarking Large Language Models in Simplified versus Traditional Chinesecited by 7
- 2024InstructionCP: A fast approach to transfer Large Language Models into target languagecited by 5
- 2024Breeze-7B Technical Reportcited by 4
- 2024Measuring Taiwanese Mandarin Language Understandingcited by 2
- 2025Measuring Hong Kong Massive Multi-Task Language Understandingcited by 1
- 2024Hyacinth6B: A large language model for Traditional Chinesecited by 0
- 2024Bailong: Bilingual Transfer Learning based on QLoRA and Zip-tie Embeddingcited by 0
- 2026OpenTWBench (Open Taiwan Benchmark): Taiwan-Domain Knowledge Evaluation for Large Language Models, and How the Measurement Apparatus Shapes the Scorecited by 0
- 2026OpenTWBench (Open Taiwan Benchmark): Taiwan-Domain Knowledge Evaluation for Large Language Models, and How the Measurement Apparatus Shapes the Score14 Oct 2026
- 2025Characterizing Bias: Benchmarking Large Language Models in Simplified versus Traditional Chinese28 May 2025
- 2025Measuring Hong Kong Massive Multi-Task Language Understanding4 May 2025
- 2024InstructionCP: A fast approach to transfer Large Language Models into target language30 May 2024
- 2024Bailong: Bilingual Transfer Learning based on QLoRA and Zip-tie Embedding1 Apr 2024
- 2024Measuring Taiwanese Mandarin Language Understanding29 Mar 2024
- 2024Hyacinth6B: A large language model for Traditional Chinese20 Mar 2024
- 2024Breeze-7B Technical Report5 Mar 2024
- 2024An Improved Traditional Chinese Evaluation Suite for Foundation Model4 Mar 2024