mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Tree of Uncertain Thoughts Reasoning for Large Language Models

arXiv 2309.07694 ↗First posted 14 Sep 2023cs.CL cs.AI cs.LGcited by 19

On the map: LLM reasoning → Test-time compute and efficient thinking

Abstract (arXiv)

While the recently introduced Tree of Thoughts (ToT) has heralded advancements in allowing Large Language Models (LLMs) to reason through foresight and backtracking for global decision-making, it has overlooked the inherent local uncertainties in intermediate decision points or "thoughts". These local uncertainties, intrinsic to LLMs given their potential for diverse responses, remain a significant concern in the reasoning process. Addressing this pivotal gap, we introduce the Tree of Uncertain Thoughts (TouT) - a reasoning framework tailored for LLMs. Our TouT effectively leverages Monte Carlo Dropout to quantify uncertainty scores associated with LLMs' diverse local responses at these intermediate steps. By marrying this local uncertainty quantification with global search algorithms, TouT enhances the model's precision in response generation. We substantiate our approach with rigorous experiments on two demanding planning tasks: Game of 24 and Mini Crosswords. The empirical evidence underscores TouT's superiority over both ToT and chain-of-thought prompting methods.

Key facts. Cited by 19 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in Test-time compute and efficient thinking, one of 17 directions in LLM reasoning. Builds on 13 of its 16 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 14 Sep 2023.

Builds on

13 of 16 references.

Closest ancestors · 1

Same direction, newest first

  1. 2023Tree of Thoughts: Deliberate Problem Solving with Large Language Models17 May

Other references · 12

  1. 2020Language Models are Few-Shot Learnerscited by 32,199
  2. 2023GPT-4 Technical Reportcited by 18,132
  3. 2023Llama 2: Open Foundation and Fine-Tuned Chat Modelscited by 12,865
  4. 2022Chain-of-Thought Prompting Elicits Reasoning in Large Language Modelscited by 12,302
  5. 2022Self-Consistency Improves Chain of Thought Reasoning in Language Modelscited by 5,601
  6. 2015Dropout as a Bayesian Approximation: Representing Model Uncertainty in Deep Learningcited by 4,416
  7. 2022OPT: Open Pre-trained Transformer Language Modelscited by 3,464
  8. 2023Semantic Uncertainty: Linguistic Invariances for Uncertainty Estimation in Natural Language Generationcited by 795
  9. 2022Teaching Models to Express Their Uncertainty in Wordscited by 731
  10. 2023Generating with Confidence: Uncertainty Quantification for Black-box Large Language Modelscited by 286
  11. 2022Prompting GPT-3 To Be Reliablecited by 258
  12. 2022Uncertainty Quantification with Pre-trained Language Models: A Large-Scale Empirical Analysiscited by 104

Built on by

Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2023: 2; 2024: 6; 2025: 6; 2026: 5.

19 papers.

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  1. 2024Demystifying Chains, Trees, and Graphs of Thoughtscited by 63
  2. 2025Entropy-based Exploration Conduction for Multi-step Reasoningcited by 28
  3. 2023Mathematical Language Models: A Surveycited by 24
  4. 2024Search, Verify and Feedback: Towards Next Generation Post-training Paradigm of Foundation Models via Verifier Engineeringcited by 16
  5. 2025A Survey of Scaling in Large Language Model Reasoningcited by 10
  6. 2024Reward Generalization in RLHF: A Topological Perspectivecited by 9
  7. 2025ReasonBENCH: Benchmarking the (In)Stability of LLM Reasoningcited by 6
  8. 2024Fleet of Agents: Coordinated Problem Solving with Large Language Modelscited by 5
  9. 2026Latent Chain-of-Thought as Planning: Decoupling Reasoning from Verbalizationcited by 4
  10. 2023The Tyranny of Possibilities in the Design of Task-Oriented LLM Systems: A Scoping Surveycited by 2
  11. 2024MasonTigers at SemEval-2024 Task 9: Solving Puzzles with an Ensemble of Chain-of-Thoughtscited by 1
  12. 2025Bonsai: Interpretable Tree-Adaptive Grounded Reasoningcited by 1
7 more
  1. 2025Deep Hidden Cognition Facilitates Reliable Chain-of-Thought Reasoningcited by 1
  2. 2024We Choose to Go to Space: Agent-driven Human and Multi-Robot Collaboration in Microgravitycited by 0
  3. 2025Random Forest-of-Thoughts: Uncertainty-aware Reasoning for Computational Social Sciencecited by 0
  4. 2026Listening Alone, Understanding Together: Collaborative Context Recovery for Privacy-Aware AIcited by 0
  5. 2026Chain of Uncertain Rewards with Large Language Models for Reinforcement Learningcited by 0
  6. 2026A Proactive Multi-Agent Dialogue Framework for Assessing Social Language Disorder Traits in Autismcited by 0
  7. 2026GUT: Quantifying and Optimizing the Reasoning Uncertainty of LLMs via Graph Complexitycited by 0

Similar, not cited

Close in wording, no citation either way

  1. 2026Tree of Thoughts as a Classical Heuristic Search Problem: Formal Foundations and Design Patterns
  2. 2026Beyond Fixed Budgets: Characterizing the Inelasticity and Limitations of Tree-of-Thought Reasoning Strategies
  3. 2024Understanding When Tree of Thoughts Succeeds: Larger Models Excel in Generation, Not Discrimination
  4. 2026Domain-Specialized Tree of Thought through Plug-and-Play Predictors
  5. 2025ToTRL: Unlock LLM Tree-of-Thoughts Reasoning Potential through Puzzles Solving
  6. 2025PlanU: Large Language Model Reasoning through Planning under Uncertainty
  7. 2026Adaptive Uncertainty-Aware Tree Search for Robust Reasoning
  8. 2026Policy-Guided Search on Tree-of-Thoughts for Efficient Problem Solving with Bounded Language Model Queries