Scaling Session-Based Transformer Recommendations using Optimized Negative Sampling and Loss Functions
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Abstract (arXiv)
This work introduces TRON, a scalable session-based Transformer Recommender using Optimized Negative-sampling. Motivated by the scalability and performance limitations of prevailing models such as SASRec and GRU4Rec+, TRON integrates top-k negative sampling and listwise loss functions to enhance its recommendation accuracy. Evaluations on relevant large-scale e-commerce datasets show that TRON improves upon the recommendation quality of current methods while maintaining training speeds similar to SASRec. A live A/B test yielded an 18.14% increase in click-through rate over SASRec, highlighting the potential of TRON in practical settings. For further research, we provide access to our source code at https://github.com/otto-de/TRON and an anonymized dataset at https://github.com/otto-de/recsys-dataset.
Key facts. Cited by 9 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 4 of its 17 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 27 Jul 2023.
Builds on
4 of 17 references.
References · 4
- 2018Self-Attentive Sequential Recommendationcited by 1,169
- 2015Session-based Recommendations with Recurrent Neural Networkscited by 685
- 2017Recurrent Neural Networks with Top-k Gains for Session-based Recommendationscited by 165
- 2022On the Effectiveness of Sampled Softmax Loss for Item Recommendationcited by 39
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2024: 6; 2025: 3.
9 papers.
- 2024Scalable Cross-Entropy Loss for Sequential Recommendations with Large Item Catalogscited by 15
- 2024RECE: Reduced Cross-Entropy Loss for Large-Catalogue Sequential Recommenderscited by 9
- 2024Autoregressive Generation Strategies for Top-K Sequential Recommendationscited by 5
- 2024Pareto Front Approximation for Multi-Objective Session-Based Recommender Systemscited by 3
- 2024RePlay: a Recommendation Framework for Experimentation and Production Usecited by 3
- 2024Negative Feedback for Music Personalizationcited by 0
- 2025Identifying Offline Metrics that Predict Online Impact: A Pragmatic Strategy for Real-World Recommender Systemscited by 0
- 2025Semantic IDs for Music Recommendationcited by 0
- 2025Industry Insights from Comparing Deep Learning and GBDT Models for E-Commerce Learning-to-Rankcited by 0
- 2025Industry Insights from Comparing Deep Learning and GBDT Models for E-Commerce Learning-to-Rank28 Jul 2025
- 2025Semantic IDs for Music Recommendation24 Jul 2025
- 2025Identifying Offline Metrics that Predict Online Impact: A Pragmatic Strategy for Real-World Recommender Systems13 Jul 2025
- 2024Scalable Cross-Entropy Loss for Sequential Recommendations with Large Item Catalogs27 Sep 2024
- 2024Autoregressive Generation Strategies for Top-K Sequential Recommendations26 Sep 2024
- 2024RePlay: a Recommendation Framework for Experimentation and Production Use11 Sep 2024
- 2024RECE: Reduced Cross-Entropy Loss for Large-Catalogue Sequential Recommenders5 Aug 2024
- 2024Pareto Front Approximation for Multi-Objective Session-Based Recommender Systems23 Jul 2024
- 2024Negative Feedback for Music Personalization6 Jun 2024