Extending the Forward Forward Algorithm
Not on the map. Why?
Abstract (arXiv)
The Forward Forward algorithm, proposed by Geoffrey Hinton in November 2022, is a novel method for training neural networks as an alternative to backpropagation. In this project, we replicate Hinton's experiments on the MNIST dataset, and subsequently extend the scope of the method with two significant contributions. First, we establish a baseline performance for the Forward Forward network on the IMDb movie reviews dataset. As far as we know, our results on this sentiment analysis task marks the first instance of the algorithm's extension beyond computer vision. Second, we introduce a novel pyramidal optimization strategy for the loss threshold - a hyperparameter specific to the Forward Forward method. Our pyramidal approach shows that a good thresholding strategy causes a difference of up to 8% in test error. Lastly, we perform visualizations of the trained parameters and derived several significant insights, such as a notably larger (10-20x) mean and variance in the weights acquired by the Forward Forward network. Repository: https://github.com/Ads-cmu/ForwardForward
Key facts. Cited by 5 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 7 of its 10 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 9 Jul 2023.
Builds on
7 of 10 references.
References · 7
- 2013Efficient Estimation of Word Representations in Vector Spacecited by 4,346
- 2022The Forward-Forward Algorithm: Some Preliminary Investigationscited by 262
- 2021Predictive Coding: a Theoretical and Experimental Reviewcited by 74
- 2022Gradients without Backpropagationcited by 73
- 2022Error-driven Input Modulation: Solving the Credit Assignment Problem without a Backward Passcited by 63
- 2020Meta Learning Backpropagation And Improving Itcited by 49
- 2023The Predictive Forward-Forward Algorithmcited by 35
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2023: 1; 2024: 2; 2025: 1; 2026: 1.
5 papers.
- 2023Training Convolutional Neural Networks with the Forward-Forward algorithmcited by 13
- 2025Backpropagation-free Spiking Neural Networks with the Forward-Forward Algorithmcited by 5
- 2024Resource-efficient Medical Image Analysis with Self-adapting Forward-Forward Networkscited by 2
- 2024On the Improvement of Generalization and Stability of Forward-Only Learning via Neural Polarizationcited by 1
- 2026Minimizing the Effect of Sleep Deprivation in the Forward-Forward Algorithmcited by 0
- 2026Minimizing the Effect of Sleep Deprivation in the Forward-Forward Algorithm5 Sep 2026
- 2025Backpropagation-free Spiking Neural Networks with the Forward-Forward Algorithm19 Feb 2025
- 2024On the Improvement of Generalization and Stability of Forward-Only Learning via Neural Polarization17 Aug 2024
- 2024Resource-efficient Medical Image Analysis with Self-adapting Forward-Forward Networks20 Jun 2024
- 2023Training Convolutional Neural Networks with the Forward-Forward algorithm22 Dec 2023