Blackbird language matrices (BLM), a new task for rule-like generalization in neural networks: Motivations and Formal Specifications
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Abstract (arXiv)
We motivate and formally define a new task for fine-tuning rule-like generalization in large language models. It is conjectured that the shortcomings of current LLMs are due to a lack of ability to generalize. It has been argued that, instead, humans are better at generalization because they have a tendency at extracting rules from complex data. We try to recreate this tendency to rule-based generalization. When exposed to tests of analytic intelligence, for example, the visual RAVEN IQ test, human problem-solvers identify the relevant objects in the picture and their relevant attributes and reason based on rules applied to these objects and attributes. Based on the induced rules, they are able to provide a solution to the test. We propose a task that translates this IQ task into language. In this paper, we provide the formal specification for the task and the generative process of its datasets.
Key facts. Cited by 9 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 8 of its 26 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 20 Jun 2023.
Builds on
8 of 26 references.
References · 8
- 2021Dynabench: Rethinking Benchmarking in NLPcited by 459
- 2017Synthetic and Natural Noise Both Break Neural Machine Translationcited by 306
- 2018Analysis Methods in Neural Language Processing: A Surveycited by 277
- 2019RAVEN: A Dataset for Relational and Analogical Visual rEasoNingcited by 226
- 2018Measuring abstract reasoning in neural networkscited by 166
- 2019The emergence of number and syntax units in LSTM language modelscited by 94
- 2020Mechanisms for Handling Nested Dependencies in Neural-Network Language Models and Humanscited by 42
- 2022Blackbird's language matrices (BLMs): a new benchmark to investigate disentangled generalisation in neural networkscited by 4
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2023: 1; 2024: 4; 2025: 0; 2026: 4.
9 papers.
- 2024Are there identifiable structural parts in the sentence embedding whole?cited by 6
- 2024Tracking linguistic information in transformer-based sentence embeddings through targeted sparsificationcited by 6
- 2024Exploring syntactic information in sentence embeddings through multilingual subject-verb agreementcited by 6
- 2024Exploring Italian sentence embeddings properties through multi-taskingcited by 6
- 2026Modelling the Morphology of Verbal Paradigms: A Case Study in the Tokenization of Turkish and Hebrewcited by 2
- 2026Datasets for Verb Alternations across Languages: BLM Templates and Data Augmentation Strategiescited by 1
- 2023Disentangling continuous and discrete linguistic signals in transformer-based sentence embeddingscited by 0
- 2026Blackbird Language Matrices: A Framework to Investigate the Linguistic Competence of Language Modelscited by 0
- 2026Generalization through Lexical Abstraction in Transformer Models: The Case of Functional Wordscited by 0
- 2026Generalization through Lexical Abstraction in Transformer Models: The Case of Functional Words17 Sep 2026
- 2026Datasets for Verb Alternations across Languages: BLM Templates and Data Augmentation Strategies16 Mar 2026
- 2026Blackbird Language Matrices: A Framework to Investigate the Linguistic Competence of Language Models24 Feb 2026
- 2026Modelling the Morphology of Verbal Paradigms: A Case Study in the Tokenization of Turkish and Hebrew5 Feb 2026
- 2024Exploring Italian sentence embeddings properties through multi-tasking10 Sep 2024
- 2024Exploring syntactic information in sentence embeddings through multilingual subject-verb agreement10 Sep 2024
- 2024Tracking linguistic information in transformer-based sentence embeddings through targeted sparsification25 Jul 2024
- 2024Are there identifiable structural parts in the sentence embedding whole?24 Jun 2024
- 2023Disentangling continuous and discrete linguistic signals in transformer-based sentence embeddings18 Dec 2023