mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

REFinD: Relation Extraction Financial Dataset

arXiv 2305.18322 ↗First posted 22 May 2023cs.CL cs.AIcited by 17

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Abstract (arXiv)

A number of datasets for Relation Extraction (RE) have been created to aide downstream tasks such as information retrieval, semantic search, question answering and textual entailment. However, these datasets fail to capture financial-domain specific challenges since most of these datasets are compiled using general knowledge sources such as Wikipedia, web-based text and news articles, hindering real-life progress and adoption within the financial world. To address this limitation, we propose REFinD, the first large-scale annotated dataset of relations, with ~29K instances and 22 relations amongst 8 types of entity pairs, generated entirely over financial documents. We also provide an empirical evaluation with various state-of-the-art models as benchmarks for the RE task and highlight the challenges posed by our dataset. We observed that various state-of-the-art deep learning models struggle with numeric inference, relational and directional ambiguity.

Key facts. Cited by 17 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 12 of its 23 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 22 May 2023.

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12 of 23 references.

References · 12

  1. 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,399
  2. 2019RoBERTa: A Robustly Optimized BERT Pretraining Approachcited by 13,372
  3. 2019SpanBERT: Improving Pre-training by Representing and Predicting Spanscited by 834
  4. 2019FinBERT: Financial Sentiment Analysis with Pre-trained Language Modelscited by 385
  5. 2020LUKE: Deep Contextualized Entity Representations with Entity-aware Self-attentioncited by 326
  6. 2019Matching the Blanks: Distributional Similarity for Relation Learningcited by 272
  7. 2018FewRel: A Large-Scale Supervised Few-Shot Relation Classification Dataset with State-of-the-Art Evaluationcited by 254
  8. 2022WHEN FLUE MEETS FLANG: Benchmarks and Large Pre-trained Language Model for Financial Domaincited by 117
  9. 2020Learning from Context or Names? An Empirical Study on Neural Relation Extractioncited by 75
  10. 2022MAVEN-ERE: A Unified Large-scale Dataset for Event Coreference, Temporal, Causal, and Subevent Relation Extractioncited by 66
  11. 2015Relation Classification via Recurrent Neural Networkcited by 46
  12. 2022CrossRE: A Cross-Domain Dataset for Relation Extractioncited by 21

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Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2023: 4; 2024: 4; 2025: 7; 2026: 2.

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  1. 2024A Survey of Large Language Models for Financial Applications: Progress, Prospects and Challengescited by 90
  2. 2024Financial Report Chunking for Effective Retrieval Augmented Generationcited by 46
  3. 2025Evaluating Large Language Models as Expert Annotatorscited by 9
  4. 2025Bridging Language Models and Financial Analysiscited by 4
  5. 2023GPT-FinRE: In-context Learning for Financial Relation Extraction using Large Language Modelscited by 3
  6. 2023iMETRE: Incorporating Markers of Entity Types for Relation Extractioncited by 2
  7. 2023FinTree: Financial Dataset Pretrain Transformer Encoder for Relation Extractioncited by 2
  8. 2023Ahead of the Text: Leveraging Entity Preposition for Financial Relation Extractioncited by 2
  9. 2026The CLEF-2026 FinMMEval Lab: Multilingual and Multimodal Evaluation of Financial AI Systemscited by 2
  10. 2024Enhancing Language Models for Financial Relation Extraction with Named Entities and Part-of-Speechcited by 1
  11. 2025FinBloom: Knowledge Grounding Large Language Model with Real-time Financial Datacited by 1
  12. 2025Comparative Analysis of AI Agent Architectures for Entity Relationship Classificationcited by 1
5 more
  1. 2026FinRED: An Expert-Guided Benchmark Generation and Evaluation Framework for Financial LLM Red-Teamingcited by 1
  2. 2024Maximizing Relation Extraction Potential: A Data-Centric Study to Unveil Challenges and Opportunitiescited by 0
  3. 2025A Pluggable Multi-Task Learning Framework for Sentiment-Aware Financial Relation Extractioncited by 0
  4. 2025DREaM: Drug-Drug Relation Extraction via Transfer Learning Methodcited by 0
  5. 2025Query Generation Pipeline with Enhanced Answerability Assessment for Financial Information Retrievalcited by 0