Zero-shot Approach to Overcome Perturbation Sensitivity of Prompts
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Abstract (arXiv)
Recent studies have demonstrated that natural-language prompts can help to leverage the knowledge learned by pre-trained language models for the binary sentence-level sentiment classification task. Specifically, these methods utilize few-shot learning settings to fine-tune the sentiment classification model using manual or automatically generated prompts. However, the performance of these methods is sensitive to the perturbations of the utilized prompts. Furthermore, these methods depend on a few labeled instances for automatic prompt generation and prompt ranking. This study aims to find high-quality prompts for the given task in a zero-shot setting. Given a base prompt, our proposed approach automatically generates multiple prompts similar to the base prompt employing positional, reasoning, and paraphrasing techniques and then ranks the prompts using a novel metric. We empirically demonstrate that the top-ranked prompts are high-quality and significantly outperform the base prompt and the prompts generated using few-shot learning for the binary sentence-level sentiment classification task.
Key facts. Cited by 11 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 14 of its 31 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 25 May 2023.
Builds on
14 of 31 references.
References · 14
- 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,399
- 2020Language Models are Few-Shot Learnerscited by 32,419
- 2019Exploring the Limits of Transfer Learning with a Unified Text-to-Text Transformercited by 14,599
- 2019RoBERTa: A Robustly Optimized BERT Pretraining Approachcited by 13,372
- 2021Prefix-Tuning: Optimizing Continuous Prompts for Generationcited by 3,915
- 2020Making Pre-trained Language Models Better Few-shot Learnerscited by 1,256
- 2019How Can We Know What Language Models Know?cited by 959
- 2020Exploiting Cloze Questions for Few Shot Text Classification and Natural Language Inferencecited by 938
- 2021Factual Probing Is [MASK]: Learning vs. Learning to Recallcited by 291
- 2021PPT: Pre-trained Prompt Tuning for Few-shot Learningcited by 232
- 2021Reframing Instructional Prompts to GPTk's Languagecited by 176
- 2021Adapting Language Models for Zero-shot Learning by Meta-tuning on Dataset and Prompt Collectionscited by 128
2 more
- 2021Discrete and Soft Prompting for Multilingual Modelscited by 49
- 2022Towards Unified Prompt Tuning for Few-shot Text Classificationcited by 18
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Citing papers per year: 2023: 1; 2024: 5; 2025: 4; 2026: 1.
11 papers.
- 2024Leak, Cheat, Repeat: Data Contamination and Evaluation Malpractices in Closed-Source LLMscited by 229
- 2024Open (Clinical) LLMs are Sensitive to Instruction Phrasingscited by 24
- 2025"Well, Keep Thinking": Enhancing LLM Reasoning with Adaptive Injection Decodingcited by 12
- 2024The Mystery of the Pathological Path-star Task for Language Modelscited by 8
- 2024From Form(s) to Meaning: Probing the Semantic Depths of Language Models Using Multisense Consistencycited by 7
- 2023Making Large Language Models Better Knowledge Miners for Online Marketing with Progressive Prompting Augmentationcited by 5
- 2024Native Design Bias: Studying the Impact of English Nativeness on Language Model Performancecited by 5
- 2025Language Models, Graph Searching, and Supervision Adulteration: When More Supervision is Less and How to Make More Morecited by 3
- 2025PromptSuite: A Task-Agnostic Framework for Multi-Prompt Generationcited by 3
- 2026Revisiting Prompt Sensitivity in Large Language Models for Text Classification: The Role of Prompt Underspecificationcited by 3
- 2025Modeling Data Diversity for Joint Instance and Verbalizer Selection in Cold-Start Scenarioscited by 0
- 2026Revisiting Prompt Sensitivity in Large Language Models for Text Classification: The Role of Prompt Underspecification4 Feb 2026
- 2025PromptSuite: A Task-Agnostic Framework for Multi-Prompt Generation20 Jul 2025
- 2025Modeling Data Diversity for Joint Instance and Verbalizer Selection in Cold-Start Scenarios1 Jul 2025
- 2025Language Models, Graph Searching, and Supervision Adulteration: When More Supervision is Less and How to Make More More13 Mar 2025
- 2025"Well, Keep Thinking": Enhancing LLM Reasoning with Adaptive Injection Decoding13 Mar 2025
- 2024The Mystery of the Pathological Path-star Task for Language Models17 Oct 2024
- 2024Open (Clinical) LLMs are Sensitive to Instruction Phrasings12 Jul 2024
- 2024Native Design Bias: Studying the Impact of English Nativeness on Language Model Performance25 Jun 2024
- 2024From Form(s) to Meaning: Probing the Semantic Depths of Language Models Using Multisense Consistency18 Apr 2024
- 2024Leak, Cheat, Repeat: Data Contamination and Evaluation Malpractices in Closed-Source LLMs6 Feb 2024
- 2023Making Large Language Models Better Knowledge Miners for Online Marketing with Progressive Prompting Augmentation8 Dec 2023