mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

SymBa: Symmetric Backpropagation-Free Contrastive Learning with Forward-Forward Algorithm for Optimizing Convergence

arXiv 2303.08418 ↗First posted 15 Mar 2023cs.CV cs.AIcited by 27

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Abstract (arXiv)

The paper proposes a new algorithm called SymBa that aims to achieve more biologically plausible learning than Back-Propagation (BP). The algorithm is based on the Forward-Forward (FF) algorithm, which is a BP-free method for training neural networks. SymBa improves the FF algorithm's convergence behavior by addressing the problem of asymmetric gradients caused by conflicting converging directions for positive and negative samples. The algorithm balances positive and negative losses to enhance performance and convergence speed. Furthermore, it modifies the FF algorithm by adding Intrinsic Class Pattern (ICP) containing class information to prevent the loss of class information during training. The proposed algorithm has the potential to improve our understanding of how the brain learns and processes information and to develop more effective and efficient artificial intelligence systems. The paper presents experimental results that demonstrate the effectiveness of SymBa algorithm compared to the FF algorithm and BP.

Key facts. Cited by 27 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 6 of its 16 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 15 Mar 2023.

Builds on

6 of 16 references.

References · 6

  1. 2014Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimizationcited by 36,960
  2. 2020A Simple Framework for Contrastive Learning of Visual Representationscited by 11,979
  3. 2019Momentum Contrast for Unsupervised Visual Representation Learningcited by 7,482
  4. 2020Bootstrap your own latent: A new approach to self-supervised Learningcited by 4,712
  5. 2022The Forward-Forward Algorithm: Some Preliminary Investigationscited by 262
  6. 2018Deep Learning in Spiking Neural Networkscited by 258

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2023: 5; 2024: 7; 2025: 7; 2026: 8.

27 papers.

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  1. 2023Backpropagation-free Training of Deep Physical Neural Networkscited by 42
  2. 2024Self-Contrastive Forward-Forward Algorithmcited by 15
  3. 2023Brain-Inspired Machine Intelligence: A Survey of Neurobiologically-Plausible Credit Assignmentcited by 13
  4. 2023Training Convolutional Neural Networks with the Forward-Forward algorithmcited by 13
  5. 2023The Trifecta: Three simple techniques for training deeper Forward-Forward networkscited by 10
  6. 2024Distance-Forward Learning: Enhancing the Forward-Forward Algorithm Towards High-Performance On-Chip Learningcited by 7
  7. 2025Contrastive Forward-Forward: A Training Algorithm of Vision Transformercited by 5
  8. 2025Backpropagation-free Spiking Neural Networks with the Forward-Forward Algorithmcited by 5
  9. 2025Mono-Forward: Revisiting Forward-Forward through Objective-Locality Decompositioncited by 3
  10. 2024A Contrastive Symmetric Forward-Forward Algorithm (SFFA) for Continual Learning Taskscited by 2
  11. 2026Covariance-Aware Goodness for Scalable Forward-Forward Learningcited by 2
  12. 2023FedFwd: Federated Learning without Backpropagationcited by 1
15 more
  1. 2024Learning Using a Single Forward Passcited by 1
  2. 2024Forward Learning of Graph Neural Networkscited by 1
  3. 2024Emerging NeoHebbian Dynamics in Forward-Forward Learning: Implications for Neuromorphic Computingcited by 1
  4. 2024On the Improvement of Generalization and Stability of Forward-Only Learning via Neural Polarizationcited by 1
  5. 2025Stochastic Layer-wise Learning: Scalable and Efficient Alternative to Backpropagationcited by 1
  6. 2025Reshaping the Forward-Forward Algorithm with a Similarity-Based Objectivecited by 1
  7. 2025Adaptive Spatial Goodness Encoding: Advancing and Scaling Forward-Forward Learning Without Backpropagationcited by 1
  8. 2026Hyperspherical Forward-Forward with Prototypical Representationscited by 1
  9. 2026HCL-FF: Hierarchical and Contrastive Learning for Forward-Forward Algorithmcited by 1
  10. 2025FFGAF-SNN: The Forward-Forward Based Gradient Approximation Free Training Framework for Spiking Neural Networkscited by 0
  11. 2026Selectivity and Shape in the Design of Forward-Forward Goodness Functionscited by 0
  12. 2026Synthetic Benchmarks Overstate Forward-Forward Scaling: Real-Data Limits of Layer-Local Trainingcited by 0
  13. 2026Forward-Only Convolutional Neural Networks with Learnable Channel-Class Assignmentcited by 0
  14. 2026Emergent Hierarchical Monosemantic Neurons from the Group-Contrastive Forward-Forward Algorithmcited by 0
  15. 2026The Price of Locality: Why Forward-Forward Underperforms Backpropagation?cited by 0