SymBa: Symmetric Backpropagation-Free Contrastive Learning with Forward-Forward Algorithm for Optimizing Convergence
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Abstract (arXiv)
The paper proposes a new algorithm called SymBa that aims to achieve more biologically plausible learning than Back-Propagation (BP). The algorithm is based on the Forward-Forward (FF) algorithm, which is a BP-free method for training neural networks. SymBa improves the FF algorithm's convergence behavior by addressing the problem of asymmetric gradients caused by conflicting converging directions for positive and negative samples. The algorithm balances positive and negative losses to enhance performance and convergence speed. Furthermore, it modifies the FF algorithm by adding Intrinsic Class Pattern (ICP) containing class information to prevent the loss of class information during training. The proposed algorithm has the potential to improve our understanding of how the brain learns and processes information and to develop more effective and efficient artificial intelligence systems. The paper presents experimental results that demonstrate the effectiveness of SymBa algorithm compared to the FF algorithm and BP.
Key facts. Cited by 27 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 6 of its 16 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 15 Mar 2023.
Builds on
6 of 16 references.
References · 6
- 2014Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimizationcited by 36,960
- 2020A Simple Framework for Contrastive Learning of Visual Representationscited by 11,979
- 2019Momentum Contrast for Unsupervised Visual Representation Learningcited by 7,482
- 2020Bootstrap your own latent: A new approach to self-supervised Learningcited by 4,712
- 2022The Forward-Forward Algorithm: Some Preliminary Investigationscited by 262
- 2018Deep Learning in Spiking Neural Networkscited by 258
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2023: 5; 2024: 7; 2025: 7; 2026: 8.
27 papers.
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- 2023Backpropagation-free Training of Deep Physical Neural Networkscited by 42
- 2024Self-Contrastive Forward-Forward Algorithmcited by 15
- 2023Brain-Inspired Machine Intelligence: A Survey of Neurobiologically-Plausible Credit Assignmentcited by 13
- 2023Training Convolutional Neural Networks with the Forward-Forward algorithmcited by 13
- 2023The Trifecta: Three simple techniques for training deeper Forward-Forward networkscited by 10
- 2024Distance-Forward Learning: Enhancing the Forward-Forward Algorithm Towards High-Performance On-Chip Learningcited by 7
- 2025Contrastive Forward-Forward: A Training Algorithm of Vision Transformercited by 5
- 2025Backpropagation-free Spiking Neural Networks with the Forward-Forward Algorithmcited by 5
- 2025Mono-Forward: Revisiting Forward-Forward through Objective-Locality Decompositioncited by 3
- 2024A Contrastive Symmetric Forward-Forward Algorithm (SFFA) for Continual Learning Taskscited by 2
- 2026Covariance-Aware Goodness for Scalable Forward-Forward Learningcited by 2
- 2023FedFwd: Federated Learning without Backpropagationcited by 1
15 more
- 2024Learning Using a Single Forward Passcited by 1
- 2024Forward Learning of Graph Neural Networkscited by 1
- 2024Emerging NeoHebbian Dynamics in Forward-Forward Learning: Implications for Neuromorphic Computingcited by 1
- 2024On the Improvement of Generalization and Stability of Forward-Only Learning via Neural Polarizationcited by 1
- 2025Stochastic Layer-wise Learning: Scalable and Efficient Alternative to Backpropagationcited by 1
- 2025Reshaping the Forward-Forward Algorithm with a Similarity-Based Objectivecited by 1
- 2025Adaptive Spatial Goodness Encoding: Advancing and Scaling Forward-Forward Learning Without Backpropagationcited by 1
- 2026Hyperspherical Forward-Forward with Prototypical Representationscited by 1
- 2026HCL-FF: Hierarchical and Contrastive Learning for Forward-Forward Algorithmcited by 1
- 2025FFGAF-SNN: The Forward-Forward Based Gradient Approximation Free Training Framework for Spiking Neural Networkscited by 0
- 2026Selectivity and Shape in the Design of Forward-Forward Goodness Functionscited by 0
- 2026Synthetic Benchmarks Overstate Forward-Forward Scaling: Real-Data Limits of Layer-Local Trainingcited by 0
- 2026Forward-Only Convolutional Neural Networks with Learnable Channel-Class Assignmentcited by 0
- 2026Emergent Hierarchical Monosemantic Neurons from the Group-Contrastive Forward-Forward Algorithmcited by 0
- 2026The Price of Locality: Why Forward-Forward Underperforms Backpropagation?cited by 0
- 2026The Price of Locality: Why Forward-Forward Underperforms Backpropagation?27 Sep 2026
- 2026Emergent Hierarchical Monosemantic Neurons from the Group-Contrastive Forward-Forward Algorithm13 Jul 2026
- 2026Forward-Only Convolutional Neural Networks with Learnable Channel-Class Assignment7 Jun 2026
- 2026Synthetic Benchmarks Overstate Forward-Forward Scaling: Real-Data Limits of Layer-Local Training4 Jun 2026
- 2026HCL-FF: Hierarchical and Contrastive Learning for Forward-Forward Algorithm24 May 2026
- 2026Covariance-Aware Goodness for Scalable Forward-Forward Learning5 May 2026
- 2026Hyperspherical Forward-Forward with Prototypical Representations30 Apr 2026
- 2026Selectivity and Shape in the Design of Forward-Forward Goodness Functions28 Mar 2026
- 2025Adaptive Spatial Goodness Encoding: Advancing and Scaling Forward-Forward Learning Without Backpropagation15 Sep 2025
- 2025Reshaping the Forward-Forward Algorithm with a Similarity-Based Objective29 Aug 2025
- 2025FFGAF-SNN: The Forward-Forward Based Gradient Approximation Free Training Framework for Spiking Neural Networks31 Jul 2025
- 2025Stochastic Layer-wise Learning: Scalable and Efficient Alternative to Backpropagation8 May 2025
15 more
- 2025Backpropagation-free Spiking Neural Networks with the Forward-Forward Algorithm19 Feb 2025
- 2025Contrastive Forward-Forward: A Training Algorithm of Vision Transformer1 Feb 2025
- 2025Mono-Forward: Revisiting Forward-Forward through Objective-Locality Decomposition16 Jan 2025
- 2024Self-Contrastive Forward-Forward Algorithm17 Sep 2024
- 2024A Contrastive Symmetric Forward-Forward Algorithm (SFFA) for Continual Learning Tasks11 Sep 2024
- 2024Distance-Forward Learning: Enhancing the Forward-Forward Algorithm Towards High-Performance On-Chip Learning27 Aug 2024
- 2024On the Improvement of Generalization and Stability of Forward-Only Learning via Neural Polarization17 Aug 2024
- 2024Emerging NeoHebbian Dynamics in Forward-Forward Learning: Implications for Neuromorphic Computing24 Jun 2024
- 2024Forward Learning of Graph Neural Networks16 Mar 2024
- 2024Learning Using a Single Forward Pass15 Feb 2024
- 2023Training Convolutional Neural Networks with the Forward-Forward algorithm22 Dec 2023
- 2023Brain-Inspired Machine Intelligence: A Survey of Neurobiologically-Plausible Credit Assignment1 Dec 2023
- 2023The Trifecta: Three simple techniques for training deeper Forward-Forward networks29 Nov 2023
- 2023FedFwd: Federated Learning without Backpropagation3 Sep 2023
- 2023Backpropagation-free Training of Deep Physical Neural Networks20 Apr 2023
- 2023Backpropagation-free Training of Deep Physical Neural Networkscited by 42
- 2024Self-Contrastive Forward-Forward Algorithmcited by 15
- 2023Brain-Inspired Machine Intelligence: A Survey of Neurobiologically-Plausible Credit Assignmentcited by 13
- 2023Training Convolutional Neural Networks with the Forward-Forward algorithmcited by 13
- 2023The Trifecta: Three simple techniques for training deeper Forward-Forward networkscited by 10
- 2024Distance-Forward Learning: Enhancing the Forward-Forward Algorithm Towards High-Performance On-Chip Learningcited by 7
- 2025Contrastive Forward-Forward: A Training Algorithm of Vision Transformercited by 5
- 2025Backpropagation-free Spiking Neural Networks with the Forward-Forward Algorithmcited by 5
- 2025Mono-Forward: Revisiting Forward-Forward through Objective-Locality Decompositioncited by 3
- 2024A Contrastive Symmetric Forward-Forward Algorithm (SFFA) for Continual Learning Taskscited by 2
- 2026Covariance-Aware Goodness for Scalable Forward-Forward Learningcited by 2
- 2023FedFwd: Federated Learning without Backpropagationcited by 1
12 most cited of 27 All 27 (JSON)
- 2026The Price of Locality: Why Forward-Forward Underperforms Backpropagation?27 Sep 2026
- 2026Emergent Hierarchical Monosemantic Neurons from the Group-Contrastive Forward-Forward Algorithm13 Jul 2026
- 2026Forward-Only Convolutional Neural Networks with Learnable Channel-Class Assignment7 Jun 2026
- 2026Synthetic Benchmarks Overstate Forward-Forward Scaling: Real-Data Limits of Layer-Local Training4 Jun 2026
- 2026HCL-FF: Hierarchical and Contrastive Learning for Forward-Forward Algorithm24 May 2026
- 2026Covariance-Aware Goodness for Scalable Forward-Forward Learning5 May 2026
- 2026Hyperspherical Forward-Forward with Prototypical Representations30 Apr 2026
- 2026Selectivity and Shape in the Design of Forward-Forward Goodness Functions28 Mar 2026
- 2025Adaptive Spatial Goodness Encoding: Advancing and Scaling Forward-Forward Learning Without Backpropagation15 Sep 2025
- 2025Reshaping the Forward-Forward Algorithm with a Similarity-Based Objective29 Aug 2025
- 2025FFGAF-SNN: The Forward-Forward Based Gradient Approximation Free Training Framework for Spiking Neural Networks31 Jul 2025
- 2025Stochastic Layer-wise Learning: Scalable and Efficient Alternative to Backpropagation8 May 2025
12 newest of 27 All 27 (JSON)