German BERT Model for Legal Named Entity Recognition
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Abstract (arXiv)
The use of BERT, one of the most popular language models, has led to improvements in many Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks. One such task is Named Entity Recognition (NER) i.e. automatic identification of named entities such as location, person, organization, etc. from a given text. It is also an important base step for many NLP tasks such as information extraction and argumentation mining. Even though there is much research done on NER using BERT and other popular language models, the same is not explored in detail when it comes to Legal NLP or Legal Tech. Legal NLP applies various NLP techniques such as sentence similarity or NER specifically on legal data. There are only a handful of models for NER tasks using BERT language models, however, none of these are aimed at legal documents in German. In this paper, we fine-tune a popular BERT language model trained on German data (German BERT) on a Legal Entity Recognition (LER) dataset. To make sure our model is not overfitting, we performed a stratified 10-fold cross-validation. The results we achieve by fine-tuning German BERT on the LER dataset outperform the BiLSTM-CRF+ model used by the authors of the same LER dataset. Finally, we make the model openly available via HuggingFace.
Key facts. Cited by 6 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 9 of its 36 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 7 Mar 2023.
Builds on
9 of 36 references.
References · 9
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- 2019RoBERTa: A Robustly Optimized BERT Pretraining Approachcited by 13,372
- 2016Neural Architectures for Named Entity Recognitioncited by 550
- 2015Bidirectional LSTM-CRF Models for Sequence Taggingcited by 546
- 2020German's Next Language Modelcited by 144
- 2019Portuguese Named Entity Recognition using BERT-CRFcited by 73
- 2020A Dataset of German Legal Documents for Named Entity Recognitioncited by 24
- 2020Beheshti-NER: Persian Named Entity Recognition Using BERTcited by 10
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Citing papers per year: 2023: 3; 2024: 2; 2025: 1.
6 papers.
- 2023LexGPT 0.1: pre-trained GPT-J models with Pile of Lawcited by 9
- 2023Automatic Anonymization of Swiss Federal Supreme Court Rulingscited by 3
- 2024Challenges and Considerations in Annotating Legal Data: A Comprehensive Overviewcited by 2
- 2025Forging GEMs: Advancing Greek NLP through Quality-Based Corpus Curationcited by 1
- 2023Named entity recognition in resumescited by 0
- 2024Exploring prompts to elicit memorization in masked language model-based named entity recognitioncited by 0
- 2025Forging GEMs: Advancing Greek NLP through Quality-Based Corpus Curation22 Oct 2025
- 2024Challenges and Considerations in Annotating Legal Data: A Comprehensive Overview5 Jul 2024
- 2024Exploring prompts to elicit memorization in masked language model-based named entity recognition5 May 2024
- 2023Automatic Anonymization of Swiss Federal Supreme Court Rulings7 Oct 2023
- 2023Named entity recognition in resumes22 Jun 2023
- 2023LexGPT 0.1: pre-trained GPT-J models with Pile of Law5 Jun 2023