mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

LexGPT 0.1: pre-trained GPT-J models with Pile of Law

arXiv 2306.05431 ↗First posted 5 Jun 2023cs.CLcited by 9

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Abstract (arXiv)

This research aims to build generative language models specialized for the legal domain. The manuscript presents the development of LexGPT models based on GPT-J models and pre-trained with Pile of Law. The foundation model built in this manuscript is the initial step for the development of future applications in the legal domain, such as further training with reinforcement learning from human feedback. Another objective of this manuscript is to assist legal professionals in utilizing language models through the ``No Code'' approach. By fine-tuning models with specialized data and without modifying any source code, legal professionals can create custom language models for downstream tasks with minimum effort and technical knowledge. The downstream task in this manuscript is to turn a LexGPT model into a classifier, although the performance is notably lower than the state-of-the-art result. How to enhance downstream task performance without modifying the model or its source code is a research topic for future exploration.

Key facts. Cited by 9 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 14 of its 21 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 5 Jun 2023.

Builds on

14 of 21 references.

References · 14

  1. 2022Training language models to follow instructions with human feedbackcited by 15,971
  2. 2022Chain-of-Thought Prompting Elicits Reasoning in Large Language Modelscited by 12,459
  3. 2017Deep reinforcement learning from human preferencescited by 3,912
  4. 2022OPT: Open Pre-trained Transformer Language Modelscited by 3,512
  5. 2019SuperGLUE: A Stickier Benchmark for General-Purpose Language Understanding Systemscited by 1,729
  6. 2022GPT-NeoX-20B: An Open-Source Autoregressive Language Modelcited by 713
  7. 2021LexGLUE: A Benchmark Dataset for Legal Language Understanding in Englishcited by 310
  8. 2021When Does Pretraining Help? Assessing Self-Supervised Learning for Law and the CaseHOLD Datasetcited by 201
  9. 2022Pile of Law: Learning Responsible Data Filtering from the Law and a 256GB Open-Source Legal Datasetcited by 113
  10. 2020LEGAL-BERT: The Muppets straight out of Law Schoolcited by 111
  11. 2019Patent Claim Generation by Fine-Tuning OpenAI GPT-2cited by 49
  12. 2023A Brief Report on LawGPT 1.0: A Virtual Legal Assistant Based on GPT-3cited by 46
2 more
  1. 2022Processing Long Legal Documents with Pre-trained Transformers: Modding LegalBERT and Longformercited by 20
  2. 2023German BERT Model for Legal Named Entity Recognitioncited by 6

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Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2023: 2; 2024: 4; 2025: 2; 2026: 1.

9 papers.

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  1. 2022Legal-Tech Open Diaries: Lesson learned on how to develop and deploy light-weight models in the era of humongous Language Models
  2. 2025LawGPT: Knowledge-Guided Data Generation and Its Application to Legal LLM
  3. 2024LawInstruct: A Resource for Studying Language Model Adaptation to the Legal Domain
  4. 2023Can GPT-4 Support Analysis of Textual Data in Tasks Requiring Highly Specialized Domain Expertise?
  5. 2023Modeling Legal Reasoning: LM Annotation at the Edge of Human Agreement
  6. 2026LexReward: A Taxonomy-Driven Reward Framework for Legal Language Models
  7. 2026PoliLegalLM: A Technical Report on a Large Language Model for Political and Legal Affairs
  8. 2026Reasoning Before Translation: Enhancing Legal Machine Translation with Structured Reasoning