DeepOHeat: Operator Learning-based Ultra-fast Thermal Simulation in 3D-IC Design
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Abstract (arXiv)
Thermal issue is a major concern in 3D integrated circuit (IC) design. Thermal optimization of 3D IC often requires massive expensive PDE simulations. Neural network-based thermal prediction models can perform real-time prediction for many unseen new designs. However, existing works either solve 2D temperature fields only or do not generalize well to new designs with unseen design configurations (e.g., heat sources and boundary conditions). In this paper, for the first time, we propose DeepOHeat, a physics-aware operator learning framework to predict the temperature field of a family of heat equations with multiple parametric or non-parametric design configurations. This framework learns a functional map from the function space of multiple key PDE configurations (e.g., boundary conditions, power maps, heat transfer coefficients) to the function space of the corresponding solution (i.e., temperature fields), enabling fast thermal analysis and optimization by changing key design configurations (rather than just some parameters). We test DeepOHeat on some industrial design cases and compare it against Celsius 3D from Cadence Design Systems. Our results show that, for the unseen testing cases, a well-trained DeepOHeat can produce accurate results with 1000× to 300000× speedup.
Key facts. Cited by 13 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 8 of its 24 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 25 Feb 2023.
Builds on
8 of 24 references.
References · 8
- 2020Fourier Features Let Networks Learn High Frequency Functions in Low Dimensional Domainscited by 2,170
- 2019DeepONet: Learning nonlinear operators for identifying differential equations based on the universal approximation theorem of operatorscited by 1,965
- 2015Automatic differentiation in machine learning: a surveycited by 846
- 2021Learning the solution operator of parametric partial differential equations with physics-informed DeepOnetscited by 537
- 2022MIONet: Learning multiple-input operators via tensor productcited by 180
- 2020NVIDIA SimNet^{TM}: an AI-accelerated multi-physics simulation frameworkcited by 58
- 2020An unsupervised learning approach to solving heat equations on chip based on Auto Encoder and Image Gradientcited by 13
- 2022A Thermal Machine Learning Solver For Chip Simulationcited by 7
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Citing papers per year: 2023: 1; 2024: 3; 2025: 6; 2026: 3.
13 papers.
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- 2023Multi-Resolution Active Learning of Fourier Neural Operatorscited by 22
- 2024Invertible Fourier Neural Operators for Tackling Both Forward and Inverse Problemscited by 18
- 2025Self-Attention to Operator Learning-based 3D-IC Thermal Simulationcited by 6
- 2024Separable Operator Networkscited by 4
- 2024An explainable operator approximation framework under the guideline of Green's functioncited by 3
- 2025DeepOHeat-v1: Efficient Operator Learning for Fast and Trustworthy Thermal Simulation and Optimization in 3D-IC Designcited by 1
- 2026SirenFNO: Efficient and Full Frequency Learning of Fourier Neural Operatorscited by 1
- 2025Neural Network Surrogate Model for Junction Temperature and Hotspot Position in 3D Multi-Layer High Bandwidth Memory (HBM) Chiplets under Varying Thermal Conditionscited by 0
- 2025Accelerating IC Thermal Simulation Data Generation via Block Krylov and Operator Actioncited by 0
- 20252D-ThermAl: Physics-Informed Framework for Thermal Analysis of Circuits using Generative AIcited by 0
- 2025Physics-Informed Neural Networks for Device and Circuit Modeling: A Case Study of NeuroSPICEcited by 0
- 2026DeepOHeat-v2: Self-Improving Operator Learning for Fast and Trustworthy Thermal Optimization in 3D-IC Designcited by 0
- 2026TherMapNet Attention-Guided Runtime Full-Chip Thermal Map Prediction from Performance Metrics22 Aug 2026
- 2026DeepOHeat-v2: Self-Improving Operator Learning for Fast and Trustworthy Thermal Optimization in 3D-IC Design17 Aug 2026
- 2026SirenFNO: Efficient and Full Frequency Learning of Fourier Neural Operators9 Jun 2026
- 2025Physics-Informed Neural Networks for Device and Circuit Modeling: A Case Study of NeuroSPICE29 Dec 2025
- 20252D-ThermAl: Physics-Informed Framework for Thermal Analysis of Circuits using Generative AI1 Dec 2025
- 2025Accelerating IC Thermal Simulation Data Generation via Block Krylov and Operator Action27 Oct 2025
- 2025Self-Attention to Operator Learning-based 3D-IC Thermal Simulation12 Oct 2025
- 2025DeepOHeat-v1: Efficient Operator Learning for Fast and Trustworthy Thermal Simulation and Optimization in 3D-IC Design4 Apr 2025
- 2025Neural Network Surrogate Model for Junction Temperature and Hotspot Position in 3D Multi-Layer High Bandwidth Memory (HBM) Chiplets under Varying Thermal Conditions6 Mar 2025
- 2024An explainable operator approximation framework under the guideline of Green's function21 Dec 2024
- 2024Separable Operator Networks15 Jul 2024
- 2024Invertible Fourier Neural Operators for Tackling Both Forward and Inverse Problems18 Feb 2024
1 more
- 2023Multi-Resolution Active Learning of Fourier Neural Operators29 Sep 2023
- 2023Multi-Resolution Active Learning of Fourier Neural Operatorscited by 22
- 2024Invertible Fourier Neural Operators for Tackling Both Forward and Inverse Problemscited by 18
- 2025Self-Attention to Operator Learning-based 3D-IC Thermal Simulationcited by 6
- 2024Separable Operator Networkscited by 4
- 2024An explainable operator approximation framework under the guideline of Green's functioncited by 3
- 2025DeepOHeat-v1: Efficient Operator Learning for Fast and Trustworthy Thermal Simulation and Optimization in 3D-IC Designcited by 1
- 2026SirenFNO: Efficient and Full Frequency Learning of Fourier Neural Operatorscited by 1
- 2025Neural Network Surrogate Model for Junction Temperature and Hotspot Position in 3D Multi-Layer High Bandwidth Memory (HBM) Chiplets under Varying Thermal Conditionscited by 0
- 2025Accelerating IC Thermal Simulation Data Generation via Block Krylov and Operator Actioncited by 0
- 20252D-ThermAl: Physics-Informed Framework for Thermal Analysis of Circuits using Generative AIcited by 0
- 2025Physics-Informed Neural Networks for Device and Circuit Modeling: A Case Study of NeuroSPICEcited by 0
- 2026DeepOHeat-v2: Self-Improving Operator Learning for Fast and Trustworthy Thermal Optimization in 3D-IC Designcited by 0
12 most cited of 13 All 13 (JSON)
- 2026TherMapNet Attention-Guided Runtime Full-Chip Thermal Map Prediction from Performance Metrics22 Aug 2026
- 2026DeepOHeat-v2: Self-Improving Operator Learning for Fast and Trustworthy Thermal Optimization in 3D-IC Design17 Aug 2026
- 2026SirenFNO: Efficient and Full Frequency Learning of Fourier Neural Operators9 Jun 2026
- 2025Physics-Informed Neural Networks for Device and Circuit Modeling: A Case Study of NeuroSPICE29 Dec 2025
- 20252D-ThermAl: Physics-Informed Framework for Thermal Analysis of Circuits using Generative AI1 Dec 2025
- 2025Accelerating IC Thermal Simulation Data Generation via Block Krylov and Operator Action27 Oct 2025
- 2025Self-Attention to Operator Learning-based 3D-IC Thermal Simulation12 Oct 2025
- 2025DeepOHeat-v1: Efficient Operator Learning for Fast and Trustworthy Thermal Simulation and Optimization in 3D-IC Design4 Apr 2025
- 2025Neural Network Surrogate Model for Junction Temperature and Hotspot Position in 3D Multi-Layer High Bandwidth Memory (HBM) Chiplets under Varying Thermal Conditions6 Mar 2025
- 2024An explainable operator approximation framework under the guideline of Green's function21 Dec 2024
- 2024Separable Operator Networks15 Jul 2024
- 2024Invertible Fourier Neural Operators for Tackling Both Forward and Inverse Problems18 Feb 2024
12 newest of 13 All 13 (JSON)