mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

evosax: JAX-based Evolution Strategies

arXiv 2212.04180 ↗First posted 8 Dec 2022cs.NE cs.AIcited by 41

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Abstract (arXiv)

The deep learning revolution has greatly been accelerated by the 'hardware lottery': Recent advances in modern hardware accelerators and compilers paved the way for large-scale batch gradient optimization. Evolutionary optimization, on the other hand, has mainly relied on CPU-parallelism, e.g. using Dask scheduling and distributed multi-host infrastructure. Here we argue that also modern evolutionary computation can significantly benefit from the massive computational throughput provided by GPUs and TPUs. In order to better harness these resources and to enable the next generation of black-box optimization algorithms, we release evosax: A JAX-based library of evolution strategies which allows researchers to leverage powerful function transformations such as just-in-time compilation, automatic vectorization and hardware parallelization. evosax implements 30 evolutionary optimization algorithms including finite-difference-based, estimation-of-distribution evolution strategies and various genetic algorithms. Every single algorithm can directly be executed on hardware accelerators and automatically vectorized or parallelized across devices using a single line of code. It is designed in a modular fashion and allows for flexible usage via a simple ask-evaluate-tell API. We thereby hope to facilitate a new wave of scalable evolutionary optimization algorithms.

Key facts. Cited by 41 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 18 of its 49 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 8 Dec 2022.

Builds on

18 of 49 references.

References · 18

  1. 2017Evolution Strategies as a Scalable Alternative to Reinforcement Learningcited by 574
  2. 2021Brax -- A Differentiable Physics Engine for Large Scale Rigid Body Simulationcited by 407
  3. 2017Population Based Training of Neural Networkscited by 367
  4. 2020The Hardware Lotterycited by 160
  5. 2017Deep Neuroevolution: Genetic Algorithms Are a Competitive Alternative for Training Deep Neural Networks for Reinforcement Learningcited by 150
  6. 2022Discovered Policy Optimisationcited by 104
  7. 2021Gradients are Not All You Needcited by 86
  8. 2021Unbiased Gradient Estimation in Unrolled Computation Graphs with Persistent Evolution Strategiescited by 52
  9. 2022Discovering Evolution Strategies via Meta-Black-Box Optimizationcited by 44
  10. 2019Gradientless Descent: High-Dimensional Zeroth-Order Optimizationcited by 43
  11. 2022Practical tradeoffs between memory, compute, and performance in learned optimizerscited by 32
  12. 2022EvoJAX: Hardware-Accelerated Neuroevolutioncited by 29
6 more
  1. 2022Accelerated Quality-Diversity through Massive Parallelismcited by 14
  2. 2021Learn2Hop: Learned Optimization on Rough Landscapescited by 12
  3. 2020ClipUp: A Simple and Powerful Optimizer for Distribution-based Policy Evolutioncited by 7
  4. 2022Effective Mutation Rate Adaptation through Group Elite Selectioncited by 6
  5. 2017Limited-Memory Matrix Adaptation for Large Scale Black-box Optimizationcited by 4
  6. 2022Fast Moving Natural Evolution Strategy for High-Dimensional Problemscited by 4

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Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2022: 1; 2023: 7; 2024: 16; 2025: 10; 2026: 7.

41 papers.

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  1. 2024LLaMoCo: Instruction Tuning of Large Language Models for Optimization Code Generationcited by 45
  2. 2023Discovering Attention-Based Genetic Algorithms via Meta-Black-Box Optimizationcited by 33
  3. 2023Evolutionary Reinforcement Learning: A Surveycited by 29
  4. 2024Discovering Temporally-Aware Reinforcement Learning Algorithmscited by 18
  5. 2024Can Learned Optimization Make Reinforcement Learning Less Difficult?cited by 14
  6. 2023Scaling Opponent Shaping to High Dimensional Gamescited by 12
  7. 2022Flow-Lenia: Towards open-ended evolution in cellular automata through mass conservation and parameter localizationcited by 11
  8. 2023minimax: Efficient Baselines for Autocurricula in JAXcited by 10
  9. 2023EvoTorch: Scalable Evolutionary Computation in Pythoncited by 9
  10. 2024EvIL: Evolution Strategies for Generalisable Imitation Learningcited by 8
  11. 2024CAX: Cellular Automata Accelerated in JAXcited by 8
  12. 2025Towards Universal Offline Black-Box Optimization via Learning Language Model Embeddingscited by 7
29 more
  1. 2023EvoFed: Leveraging Evolutionary Strategies for Communication-Efficient Federated Learningcited by 6
  2. 2024Behaviour Distillationcited by 5
  3. 2025How Should We Meta-Learn Reinforcement Learning Algorithms?cited by 5
  4. 2024Creative Text-to-Audio Generation via Synthesizer Programmingcited by 4
  5. 2024Evolving Self-Assembling Neural Networks: From Spontaneous Activity to Experience-Dependent Learningcited by 4
  6. 2025Enabling Population-Level Parallelism in Tree-Based Genetic Programming for GPU Accelerationcited by 4
  7. 2025Kozax: Flexible and Scalable Genetic Programming in JAXcited by 4
  8. 2023Going faster to see further: GPU-accelerated value iteration and simulation for perishable inventory control using JAXcited by 2
  9. 2024Solving Deep Reinforcement Learning Tasks with Evolution Strategies and Linear Policy Networkscited by 2
  10. 2024Spyx: A Library for Just-In-Time Compiled Optimization of Spiking Neural Networkscited by 2
  11. 2024Gradient-free neural topology optimization: Towards effective fracture-resistant designscited by 2
  12. 2024Stein Variational Evolution Strategiescited by 2
  13. 2024Meta-Learning Objectives for Preference Optimizationcited by 2
  14. 2025Flow-Lenia: Emergent evolutionary dynamics in mass conservative continuous cellular automatacited by 2
  15. 2025Hypernetworks That Evolve Themselvescited by 2
  16. 2024Learning mirror maps in policy mirror descentcited by 1
  17. 2025Learning Evolution via Optimization Knowledge Adaptationcited by 1
  18. 2026A Learning-Based Cooperative Coevolution Framework for Heterogeneous Large-Scale Global Optimizationcited by 1
  19. 2024Searching Search Spaces: Meta-evolving a Geometric Encoding for Neural Networkscited by 0
  20. 2024Genetic Drift Regularization: on preventing Actor Injection from breaking Evolution Strategiescited by 0
  21. 2025Model Tensor Planningcited by 0
  22. 2025Trajectory First: A Curriculum for Discovering Diverse Policiescited by 0
  23. 2025Falsification-driven reinforcement learning for maritime motion planningcited by 0
  24. 2026Dual-Domain Representation Alignment: Bridging 2D and 3D Vision via Geometry-Aware Architecture Searchcited by 0
  25. 2026On Scaling Coordinate-Based Neuroevolution: The Quadtree Bottleneck in ES-HyperNEATcited by 0
  26. 2026Reinforcement learning to choose optimizerscited by 0
  27. 2026Efficient Exploration Is Enoughcited by 0
  28. 2026Continual Reinforcement Learning with Neuroevolutioncited by 0
  29. 2026Constrained Goal-directed Planar Graph Generation with Grammar-based Reinforcement Learningcited by 0