Risk management in the Artificial Intelligence Act
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Abstract (arXiv)
The proposed EU AI Act is the first comprehensive attempt to regulate AI in a major jurisdiction. This article analyses Article 9, the key risk management provision in the AI Act. It gives an overview of the regulatory concept behind Article 9, determines its purpose and scope of application, offers a comprehensive interpretation of the specific risk management requirements, and outlines ways in which the requirements can be enforced. This article is written with the aim of helping providers of high-risk systems comply with the requirements set out in Article 9. In addition, it can inform revisions of the current draft of the AI Act and efforts to develop harmonised standards on AI risk management.
Key facts. Cited by 16 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 3 Dec 2022.
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Citing papers per year: 2023: 3; 2024: 2; 2025: 8; 2026: 3.
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- 2023Auditing large language models: a three-layered approachcited by 137
- 2023Open-Sourcing Highly Capable Foundation Models: An evaluation of risks, benefits, and alternative methods for pursuing open-source objectivescited by 31
- 2025LLM-Safety Evaluations Lack Robustnesscited by 18
- 2025Standard Benchmarks Fail -- Auditing LLM Agents in Finance Must Prioritize Riskcited by 13
- 2024AI Cards: Towards an Applied Framework for Machine-Readable AI and Risk Documentation Inspired by the EU AI Actcited by 10
- 2023ChatGPT and Beyond: The Generative AI Revolution in Educationcited by 3
- 2025Between Innovation and Oversight: A Cross-Regional Study of AI Risk Management Frameworks in the EU, U.S., UK, and Chinacited by 2
- 2025Quantifying Robustness: A Benchmarking Framework for Deep Learning Forecasting in Cyber-Physical Systemscited by 1
- 2025Risks of AI-driven product development and strategies for their mitigationcited by 1
- 2025Operationalising AI Regulatory Sandboxes under the EU AI Act: The Triple Challenge of Capacity, Coordination and Attractiveness to Providerscited by 1
- 2026The EU AI Act and the Rights-based Approach to Technological Governancecited by 1
- 2024The Switch, the Ladder, and the Matrix: Models for Classifying AI Systemscited by 0
4 more
- 2025Foundations for Risk Assessment of AI in Protecting Fundamental Rightscited by 0
- 2025Retrofitters, pragmatists and activists: Public interest litigation for accountable automated decision-makingcited by 0
- 2026Self-Service or Not? How to Guide Practitioners in Classifying AI Systems Under the EU AI Actcited by 0
- 2026Scaling, Lock-In, and Proxy Compliance: A Political Economy of Responsible AIcited by 0
- 2026Scaling, Lock-In, and Proxy Compliance: A Political Economy of Responsible AI30 Jul 2026
- 2026The EU AI Act and the Rights-based Approach to Technological Governance24 Mar 2026
- 2026Self-Service or Not? How to Guide Practitioners in Classifying AI Systems Under the EU AI Act10 Feb 2026
- 2025Retrofitters, pragmatists and activists: Public interest litigation for accountable automated decision-making5 Nov 2025
- 2025Operationalising AI Regulatory Sandboxes under the EU AI Act: The Triple Challenge of Capacity, Coordination and Attractiveness to Providers7 Sep 2025
- 2025Foundations for Risk Assessment of AI in Protecting Fundamental Rights24 Jul 2025
- 2025Risks of AI-driven product development and strategies for their mitigation28 May 2025
- 2025Quantifying Robustness: A Benchmarking Framework for Deep Learning Forecasting in Cyber-Physical Systems4 Apr 2025
- 2025LLM-Safety Evaluations Lack Robustness4 Mar 2025
- 2025Between Innovation and Oversight: A Cross-Regional Study of AI Risk Management Frameworks in the EU, U.S., UK, and China25 Feb 2025
- 2025Standard Benchmarks Fail -- Auditing LLM Agents in Finance Must Prioritize Risk21 Feb 2025
- 2024The Switch, the Ladder, and the Matrix: Models for Classifying AI Systems7 Jul 2024
4 more
- 2024AI Cards: Towards an Applied Framework for Machine-Readable AI and Risk Documentation Inspired by the EU AI Act26 Jun 2024
- 2023ChatGPT and Beyond: The Generative AI Revolution in Education26 Nov 2023
- 2023Open-Sourcing Highly Capable Foundation Models: An evaluation of risks, benefits, and alternative methods for pursuing open-source objectives29 Sep 2023
- 2023Auditing large language models: a three-layered approach16 Feb 2023
- 2025LLM-Safety Evaluations Lack Robustnesscited by 18
- 2025LLM-Safety Evaluations Lack Robustness4 Mar 2025
- 2023Auditing large language models: a three-layered approachcited by 137
- 2023Open-Sourcing Highly Capable Foundation Models: An evaluation of risks, benefits, and alternative methods for pursuing open-source objectivescited by 31
- 2024AI Cards: Towards an Applied Framework for Machine-Readable AI and Risk Documentation Inspired by the EU AI Actcited by 10
- 2023ChatGPT and Beyond: The Generative AI Revolution in Educationcited by 3
- 2025Between Innovation and Oversight: A Cross-Regional Study of AI Risk Management Frameworks in the EU, U.S., UK, and Chinacited by 2
- 2025Quantifying Robustness: A Benchmarking Framework for Deep Learning Forecasting in Cyber-Physical Systemscited by 1
- 2025Risks of AI-driven product development and strategies for their mitigationcited by 1
- 2025Operationalising AI Regulatory Sandboxes under the EU AI Act: The Triple Challenge of Capacity, Coordination and Attractiveness to Providerscited by 1
- 2026The EU AI Act and the Rights-based Approach to Technological Governancecited by 1
- 2024The Switch, the Ladder, and the Matrix: Models for Classifying AI Systemscited by 0
- 2025Foundations for Risk Assessment of AI in Protecting Fundamental Rightscited by 0
- 2025Retrofitters, pragmatists and activists: Public interest litigation for accountable automated decision-makingcited by 0
12 most cited of 14 All 14 (JSON)
- 2026Scaling, Lock-In, and Proxy Compliance: A Political Economy of Responsible AI30 Jul 2026
- 2026The EU AI Act and the Rights-based Approach to Technological Governance24 Mar 2026
- 2026Self-Service or Not? How to Guide Practitioners in Classifying AI Systems Under the EU AI Act10 Feb 2026
- 2025Retrofitters, pragmatists and activists: Public interest litigation for accountable automated decision-making5 Nov 2025
- 2025Operationalising AI Regulatory Sandboxes under the EU AI Act: The Triple Challenge of Capacity, Coordination and Attractiveness to Providers7 Sep 2025
- 2025Foundations for Risk Assessment of AI in Protecting Fundamental Rights24 Jul 2025
- 2025Risks of AI-driven product development and strategies for their mitigation28 May 2025
- 2025Quantifying Robustness: A Benchmarking Framework for Deep Learning Forecasting in Cyber-Physical Systems4 Apr 2025
- 2025Between Innovation and Oversight: A Cross-Regional Study of AI Risk Management Frameworks in the EU, U.S., UK, and China25 Feb 2025
- 2024The Switch, the Ladder, and the Matrix: Models for Classifying AI Systems7 Jul 2024
- 2024AI Cards: Towards an Applied Framework for Machine-Readable AI and Risk Documentation Inspired by the EU AI Act26 Jun 2024
- 2023ChatGPT and Beyond: The Generative AI Revolution in Education26 Nov 2023
12 newest of 14 All 14 (JSON)