Human Evaluation of Text-to-Image Models on a Multi-Task Benchmark
Not on the map. Why?
Abstract (arXiv)
We provide a new multi-task benchmark for evaluating text-to-image models. We perform a human evaluation comparing the most common open-source (Stable Diffusion) and commercial (DALL-E 2) models. Twenty computer science AI graduate students evaluated the two models, on three tasks, at three difficulty levels, across ten prompts each, providing 3,600 ratings. Text-to-image generation has seen rapid progress to the point that many recent models have demonstrated their ability to create realistic high-resolution images for various prompts. However, current text-to-image methods and the broader body of research in vision-language understanding still struggle with intricate text prompts that contain many objects with multiple attributes and relationships. We introduce a new text-to-image benchmark that contains a suite of thirty-two tasks over multiple applications that capture a model's ability to handle different features of a text prompt. For example, asking a model to generate a varying number of the same object to measure its ability to count or providing a text prompt with several objects that each have a different attribute to identify its ability to match objects and attributes correctly. Rather than subjectively evaluating text-to-image results on a set of prompts, our new multi-task benchmark consists of challenge tasks at three difficulty levels (easy, medium, and hard) and human ratings for each generated image.
Key facts. Cited by 41 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 12 of its 13 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 22 Nov 2022.
Builds on
12 of 13 references.
References · 12
- 2021Learning Transferable Visual Models From Natural Language Supervisioncited by 33,456
- 2021High-Resolution Image Synthesis with Latent Diffusion Modelscited by 18,694
- 2014Microsoft COCO: Common Objects in Contextcited by 17,498
- 2022Hierarchical Text-Conditional Image Generation with CLIP Latentscited by 6,539
- 2022Photorealistic Text-to-Image Diffusion Models with Deep Language Understandingcited by 6,322
- 2022Flamingo: a Visual Language Model for Few-Shot Learningcited by 4,337
- 2022DreamBooth: Fine Tuning Text-to-Image Diffusion Models for Subject-Driven Generationcited by 3,286
- 2022Prompt-to-Prompt Image Editing with Cross Attention Controlcited by 2,409
- 2022An Image is Worth One Word: Personalizing Text-to-Image Generation using Textual Inversioncited by 2,231
- 2022Scaling Autoregressive Models for Content-Rich Text-to-Image Generationcited by 1,287
- 2022Text2LIVE: Text-Driven Layered Image and Video Editingcited by 312
- 2019Connecting Vision and Language with Localized Narrativescited by 225
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2023: 14; 2024: 14; 2025: 9; 2026: 4.
41 papers.
Sort:
By area:
- 2023ImageReward: Learning and Evaluating Human Preferences for Text-to-Image Generationcited by 1,010
- 2023DPOK: Reinforcement Learning for Fine-tuning Text-to-Image Diffusion Modelscited by 431
- 2023TIFA: Accurate and Interpretable Text-to-Image Faithfulness Evaluation with Question Answeringcited by 416
- 2023Text-to-image Diffusion Models in Generative AI: A Surveycited by 264
- 2023T2I-CompBench++: An Enhanced and Comprehensive Benchmark for Compositional Text-to-image Generationcited by 253
- 2023Navigating Text-To-Image Customization: From LyCORIS Fine-Tuning to Model Evaluationcited by 108
- 2023HRS-Bench: Holistic, Reliable and Scalable Benchmark for Text-to-Image Modelscited by 94
- 2023ITI-GEN: Inclusive Text-to-Image Generationcited by 64
- 2023DreamSync: Aligning Text-to-Image Generation with Image Understanding Feedbackcited by 57
- 2024PhyBench: A Physical Commonsense Benchmark for Evaluating Text-to-Image Modelscited by 36
- 2024Alignment of Diffusion Models: Fundamentals, Challenges, and Futurecited by 34
- 2025ICE-Bench: A Unified and Comprehensive Benchmark for Image Creating and Editingcited by 23
29 more
- 2023Mismatch Quest: Visual and Textual Feedback for Image-Text Misalignmentcited by 18
- 2024Who Evaluates the Evaluations? Objectively Scoring Text-to-Image Prompt Coherence Metrics with T2IScoreScore (TS2)cited by 17
- 2025Your Vision-Language Model Can't Even Count to 20: Exposing the Failures of VLMs in Compositional Countingcited by 17
- 2025Text-to-Image Diffusion Models Cannot Count, and Prompt Refinement Cannot Helpcited by 12
- 2024Object-Attribute Binding in Text-to-Image Generation: Evaluation and Controlcited by 10
- 2023Vision + Language Applications: A Surveycited by 8
- 2024Relations, Negations, and Numbers: Looking for Logic in Generative Text-to-Image Modelscited by 8
- 2024DLPO: Diffusion Model Loss-Guided Reinforcement Learning for Fine-Tuning Text-to-Speech Diffusion Modelscited by 7
- 2024IDEA-Bench: How Far are Generative Models from Professional Designing?cited by 7
- 2023Semantic Generative Augmentations for Few-Shot Countingcited by 6
- 2024Trustworthy Text-to-Image Diffusion Models: A Timely and Focused Surveycited by 6
- 2023Transferring Visual Attributes from Natural Language to Verified Image Generationcited by 4
- 2025Do Large Multimodal Models Solve Caption Generation for Scientific Figures? Lessons Learned from SciCap Challenge 2023cited by 4
- 2025Vision-to-Music Generation: A Surveycited by 4
- 2024Gen4Gen: Generative Data Pipeline for Generative Multi-Concept Compositioncited by 3
- 2024Improved Emotional Alignment of AI and Humans: Human Ratings of Emotions Expressed by Stable Diffusion v1, DALL-E 2, and DALL-E 3cited by 3
- 2024From Noise to Nuance: Advances in Deep Generative Image Modelscited by 3
- 2025T2I-FineEval: Fine-Grained Compositional Metric for Text-to-Image Evaluationcited by 3
- 2025Trade-offs in Image Generation: How Do Different Dimensions Interact?cited by 3
- 2026SANEval: Open-Vocabulary Compositional Benchmarks with Failure-mode Diagnosiscited by 3
- 2023Enhancing OCR Performance through Post-OCR Models: Adopting Glyph Embedding for Improved Correctioncited by 2
- 2025ConceptMix++: Leveling the Playing Field in Text-to-Image Benchmarking via Iterative Prompt Optimizationcited by 2
- 2024Position: Towards Implicit Prompt For Text-To-Image Modelscited by 1
- 2024Offline Evaluation of Set-Based Text-to-Image Generationcited by 1
- 2025VISTAR:A User-Centric and Role-Driven Benchmark for Text-to-Image Evaluationcited by 1
- 2024ABHINAW: A method for Automatic Evaluation of Typography within AI-Generated Imagescited by 0
- 2026DyCoRM: Dynamic Criterion-Aware Reward Modeling for Text-to-Image Generationcited by 0
- 2026When Composition Doesn't Add Up: Humans Identifying Defects in AI-Generated Imagescited by 0
- 2026Imag-Eval: a language-grounded framework for interpretable Text-to-Image instruction following evaluationcited by 0
- 2026Imag-Eval: a language-grounded framework for interpretable Text-to-Image instruction following evaluation29 Aug 2026
- 2026When Composition Doesn't Add Up: Humans Identifying Defects in AI-Generated Images26 Aug 2026
- 2026DyCoRM: Dynamic Criterion-Aware Reward Modeling for Text-to-Image Generation25 May 2026
- 2026SANEval: Open-Vocabulary Compositional Benchmarks with Failure-mode Diagnosis30 Jan 2026
- 2025Your Vision-Language Model Can't Even Count to 20: Exposing the Failures of VLMs in Compositional Counting6 Oct 2025
- 2025VISTAR:A User-Centric and Role-Driven Benchmark for Text-to-Image Evaluation8 Aug 2025
- 2025Trade-offs in Image Generation: How Do Different Dimensions Interact?29 Jul 2025
- 2025ConceptMix++: Leveling the Playing Field in Text-to-Image Benchmarking via Iterative Prompt Optimization4 Jul 2025
- 2025Vision-to-Music Generation: A Survey27 Mar 2025
- 2025ICE-Bench: A Unified and Comprehensive Benchmark for Image Creating and Editing18 Mar 2025
- 2025T2I-FineEval: Fine-Grained Compositional Metric for Text-to-Image Evaluation14 Mar 2025
- 2025Text-to-Image Diffusion Models Cannot Count, and Prompt Refinement Cannot Help10 Mar 2025
29 more
- 2025Do Large Multimodal Models Solve Caption Generation for Scientific Figures? Lessons Learned from SciCap Challenge 202331 Jan 2025
- 2024IDEA-Bench: How Far are Generative Models from Professional Designing?16 Dec 2024
- 2024From Noise to Nuance: Advances in Deep Generative Image Models12 Dec 2024
- 2024Relations, Negations, and Numbers: Looking for Logic in Generative Text-to-Image Models26 Nov 2024
- 2024Offline Evaluation of Set-Based Text-to-Image Generation22 Oct 2024
- 2024Trustworthy Text-to-Image Diffusion Models: A Timely and Focused Survey26 Sep 2024
- 2024ABHINAW: A method for Automatic Evaluation of Typography within AI-Generated Images18 Sep 2024
- 2024Alignment of Diffusion Models: Fundamentals, Challenges, and Future11 Sep 2024
- 2024PhyBench: A Physical Commonsense Benchmark for Evaluating Text-to-Image Models17 Jun 2024
- 2024Improved Emotional Alignment of AI and Humans: Human Ratings of Emotions Expressed by Stable Diffusion v1, DALL-E 2, and DALL-E 328 May 2024
- 2024DLPO: Diffusion Model Loss-Guided Reinforcement Learning for Fine-Tuning Text-to-Speech Diffusion Models23 May 2024
- 2024Object-Attribute Binding in Text-to-Image Generation: Evaluation and Control21 Apr 2024
- 2024Who Evaluates the Evaluations? Objectively Scoring Text-to-Image Prompt Coherence Metrics with T2IScoreScore (TS2)5 Apr 2024
- 2024Position: Towards Implicit Prompt For Text-To-Image Models4 Mar 2024
- 2024Gen4Gen: Generative Data Pipeline for Generative Multi-Concept Composition23 Feb 2024
- 2023Mismatch Quest: Visual and Textual Feedback for Image-Text Misalignment5 Dec 2023
- 2023DreamSync: Aligning Text-to-Image Generation with Image Understanding Feedback29 Nov 2023
- 2023Semantic Generative Augmentations for Few-Shot Counting26 Oct 2023
- 2023Navigating Text-To-Image Customization: From LyCORIS Fine-Tuning to Model Evaluation26 Sep 2023
- 2023ITI-GEN: Inclusive Text-to-Image Generation11 Sep 2023
- 2023Enhancing OCR Performance through Post-OCR Models: Adopting Glyph Embedding for Improved Correction29 Aug 2023
- 2023T2I-CompBench++: An Enhanced and Comprehensive Benchmark for Compositional Text-to-image Generation12 Jul 2023
- 2023DPOK: Reinforcement Learning for Fine-tuning Text-to-Image Diffusion Models25 May 2023
- 2023Transferring Visual Attributes from Natural Language to Verified Image Generation24 May 2023
- 2023Vision + Language Applications: A Survey24 May 2023
- 2023ImageReward: Learning and Evaluating Human Preferences for Text-to-Image Generation12 Apr 2023
- 2023HRS-Bench: Holistic, Reliable and Scalable Benchmark for Text-to-Image Models11 Apr 2023
- 2023TIFA: Accurate and Interpretable Text-to-Image Faithfulness Evaluation with Question Answering21 Mar 2023
- 2023Text-to-image Diffusion Models in Generative AI: A Survey14 Mar 2023
- 2023DPOK: Reinforcement Learning for Fine-tuning Text-to-Image Diffusion Modelscited by 431
- 2023Text-to-image Diffusion Models in Generative AI: A Surveycited by 264
- 2023Navigating Text-To-Image Customization: From LyCORIS Fine-Tuning to Model Evaluationcited by 108
- 2023HRS-Bench: Holistic, Reliable and Scalable Benchmark for Text-to-Image Modelscited by 94
- 2024Alignment of Diffusion Models: Fundamentals, Challenges, and Futurecited by 34
- 2025Text-to-Image Diffusion Models Cannot Count, and Prompt Refinement Cannot Helpcited by 12
- 2024Object-Attribute Binding in Text-to-Image Generation: Evaluation and Controlcited by 10
- 2024DLPO: Diffusion Model Loss-Guided Reinforcement Learning for Fine-Tuning Text-to-Speech Diffusion Modelscited by 7
- 2023Semantic Generative Augmentations for Few-Shot Countingcited by 6
- 2024Trustworthy Text-to-Image Diffusion Models: A Timely and Focused Surveycited by 6
- 2024Gen4Gen: Generative Data Pipeline for Generative Multi-Concept Compositioncited by 3
- 2024Improved Emotional Alignment of AI and Humans: Human Ratings of Emotions Expressed by Stable Diffusion v1, DALL-E 2, and DALL-E 3cited by 3
12 most cited of 14 All 14 (JSON)
- 2025Text-to-Image Diffusion Models Cannot Count, and Prompt Refinement Cannot Help10 Mar 2025
- 2024From Noise to Nuance: Advances in Deep Generative Image Models12 Dec 2024
- 2024Trustworthy Text-to-Image Diffusion Models: A Timely and Focused Survey26 Sep 2024
- 2024ABHINAW: A method for Automatic Evaluation of Typography within AI-Generated Images18 Sep 2024
- 2024Alignment of Diffusion Models: Fundamentals, Challenges, and Future11 Sep 2024
- 2024Improved Emotional Alignment of AI and Humans: Human Ratings of Emotions Expressed by Stable Diffusion v1, DALL-E 2, and DALL-E 328 May 2024
- 2024DLPO: Diffusion Model Loss-Guided Reinforcement Learning for Fine-Tuning Text-to-Speech Diffusion Models23 May 2024
- 2024Object-Attribute Binding in Text-to-Image Generation: Evaluation and Control21 Apr 2024
- 2024Gen4Gen: Generative Data Pipeline for Generative Multi-Concept Composition23 Feb 2024
- 2023Semantic Generative Augmentations for Few-Shot Counting26 Oct 2023
- 2023Navigating Text-To-Image Customization: From LyCORIS Fine-Tuning to Model Evaluation26 Sep 2023
- 2023DPOK: Reinforcement Learning for Fine-tuning Text-to-Image Diffusion Models25 May 2023
12 newest of 14 All 14 (JSON)
- 2023ImageReward: Learning and Evaluating Human Preferences for Text-to-Image Generationcited by 1,010
- 2023TIFA: Accurate and Interpretable Text-to-Image Faithfulness Evaluation with Question Answeringcited by 416
- 2023T2I-CompBench++: An Enhanced and Comprehensive Benchmark for Compositional Text-to-image Generationcited by 253
- 2023ITI-GEN: Inclusive Text-to-Image Generationcited by 64
- 2023DreamSync: Aligning Text-to-Image Generation with Image Understanding Feedbackcited by 57
- 2024PhyBench: A Physical Commonsense Benchmark for Evaluating Text-to-Image Modelscited by 36
- 2025ICE-Bench: A Unified and Comprehensive Benchmark for Image Creating and Editingcited by 23
- 2023Mismatch Quest: Visual and Textual Feedback for Image-Text Misalignmentcited by 18
- 2024Who Evaluates the Evaluations? Objectively Scoring Text-to-Image Prompt Coherence Metrics with T2IScoreScore (TS2)cited by 17
- 2023Vision + Language Applications: A Surveycited by 8
- 2024Relations, Negations, and Numbers: Looking for Logic in Generative Text-to-Image Modelscited by 8
- 2024IDEA-Bench: How Far are Generative Models from Professional Designing?cited by 7
12 most cited of 24 All 24 (JSON)
- 2026Imag-Eval: a language-grounded framework for interpretable Text-to-Image instruction following evaluation29 Aug 2026
- 2026When Composition Doesn't Add Up: Humans Identifying Defects in AI-Generated Images26 Aug 2026
- 2026SANEval: Open-Vocabulary Compositional Benchmarks with Failure-mode Diagnosis30 Jan 2026
- 2025VISTAR:A User-Centric and Role-Driven Benchmark for Text-to-Image Evaluation8 Aug 2025
- 2025Trade-offs in Image Generation: How Do Different Dimensions Interact?29 Jul 2025
- 2025ConceptMix++: Leveling the Playing Field in Text-to-Image Benchmarking via Iterative Prompt Optimization4 Jul 2025
- 2025Vision-to-Music Generation: A Survey27 Mar 2025
- 2025ICE-Bench: A Unified and Comprehensive Benchmark for Image Creating and Editing18 Mar 2025
- 2025T2I-FineEval: Fine-Grained Compositional Metric for Text-to-Image Evaluation14 Mar 2025
- 2024IDEA-Bench: How Far are Generative Models from Professional Designing?16 Dec 2024
- 2024Relations, Negations, and Numbers: Looking for Logic in Generative Text-to-Image Models26 Nov 2024
- 2024Offline Evaluation of Set-Based Text-to-Image Generation22 Oct 2024
12 newest of 24 All 24 (JSON)
Similar, not cited
Close in wording, no citation either way
- 2025Multimodal Language Models as Text-to-Image Model Evaluators
- 2026AtelierEval: Agentic Evaluation of Humans & LLMs as Text-to-Image Prompters
- 2025FineGRAIN: Evaluating Failure Modes of Text-to-Image Models with Vision Language Model Judges
- 2024Words Worth a Thousand Pictures: Measuring and Understanding Perceptual Variability in Text-to-Image Generation
- 2025Evaluating the Evaluators: Metrics for Compositional Text-to-Image Generation
- 2024EvalMuse-40K: A Reliable and Fine-Grained Benchmark with Comprehensive Human Annotations for Text-to-Image Generation Model Evaluation
- 2023InstructCV: Instruction-Tuned Text-to-Image Diffusion Models as Vision Generalists
- 2023GenEval: An Object-Focused Framework for Evaluating Text-to-Image Alignment