mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Human Evaluation of Text-to-Image Models on a Multi-Task Benchmark

arXiv 2211.12112 ↗First posted 22 Nov 2022cs.CV cs.AI cs.LGcited by 41

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Abstract (arXiv)

We provide a new multi-task benchmark for evaluating text-to-image models. We perform a human evaluation comparing the most common open-source (Stable Diffusion) and commercial (DALL-E 2) models. Twenty computer science AI graduate students evaluated the two models, on three tasks, at three difficulty levels, across ten prompts each, providing 3,600 ratings. Text-to-image generation has seen rapid progress to the point that many recent models have demonstrated their ability to create realistic high-resolution images for various prompts. However, current text-to-image methods and the broader body of research in vision-language understanding still struggle with intricate text prompts that contain many objects with multiple attributes and relationships. We introduce a new text-to-image benchmark that contains a suite of thirty-two tasks over multiple applications that capture a model's ability to handle different features of a text prompt. For example, asking a model to generate a varying number of the same object to measure its ability to count or providing a text prompt with several objects that each have a different attribute to identify its ability to match objects and attributes correctly. Rather than subjectively evaluating text-to-image results on a set of prompts, our new multi-task benchmark consists of challenge tasks at three difficulty levels (easy, medium, and hard) and human ratings for each generated image.

Key facts. Cited by 41 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 12 of its 13 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 22 Nov 2022.

Builds on

12 of 13 references.

References · 12

  1. 2021Learning Transferable Visual Models From Natural Language Supervisioncited by 33,456
  2. 2021High-Resolution Image Synthesis with Latent Diffusion Modelscited by 18,694
  3. 2014Microsoft COCO: Common Objects in Contextcited by 17,498
  4. 2022Hierarchical Text-Conditional Image Generation with CLIP Latentscited by 6,539
  5. 2022Photorealistic Text-to-Image Diffusion Models with Deep Language Understandingcited by 6,322
  6. 2022Flamingo: a Visual Language Model for Few-Shot Learningcited by 4,337
  7. 2022DreamBooth: Fine Tuning Text-to-Image Diffusion Models for Subject-Driven Generationcited by 3,286
  8. 2022Prompt-to-Prompt Image Editing with Cross Attention Controlcited by 2,409
  9. 2022An Image is Worth One Word: Personalizing Text-to-Image Generation using Textual Inversioncited by 2,231
  10. 2022Scaling Autoregressive Models for Content-Rich Text-to-Image Generationcited by 1,287
  11. 2022Text2LIVE: Text-Driven Layered Image and Video Editingcited by 312
  12. 2019Connecting Vision and Language with Localized Narrativescited by 225

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2023: 14; 2024: 14; 2025: 9; 2026: 4.

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  1. 2023ImageReward: Learning and Evaluating Human Preferences for Text-to-Image Generationcited by 1,010
  2. 2023DPOK: Reinforcement Learning for Fine-tuning Text-to-Image Diffusion Modelscited by 431
  3. 2023TIFA: Accurate and Interpretable Text-to-Image Faithfulness Evaluation with Question Answeringcited by 416
  4. 2023Text-to-image Diffusion Models in Generative AI: A Surveycited by 264
  5. 2023T2I-CompBench++: An Enhanced and Comprehensive Benchmark for Compositional Text-to-image Generationcited by 253
  6. 2023Navigating Text-To-Image Customization: From LyCORIS Fine-Tuning to Model Evaluationcited by 108
  7. 2023HRS-Bench: Holistic, Reliable and Scalable Benchmark for Text-to-Image Modelscited by 94
  8. 2023ITI-GEN: Inclusive Text-to-Image Generationcited by 64
  9. 2023DreamSync: Aligning Text-to-Image Generation with Image Understanding Feedbackcited by 57
  10. 2024PhyBench: A Physical Commonsense Benchmark for Evaluating Text-to-Image Modelscited by 36
  11. 2024Alignment of Diffusion Models: Fundamentals, Challenges, and Futurecited by 34
  12. 2025ICE-Bench: A Unified and Comprehensive Benchmark for Image Creating and Editingcited by 23
29 more
  1. 2023Mismatch Quest: Visual and Textual Feedback for Image-Text Misalignmentcited by 18
  2. 2024Who Evaluates the Evaluations? Objectively Scoring Text-to-Image Prompt Coherence Metrics with T2IScoreScore (TS2)cited by 17
  3. 2025Your Vision-Language Model Can't Even Count to 20: Exposing the Failures of VLMs in Compositional Countingcited by 17
  4. 2025Text-to-Image Diffusion Models Cannot Count, and Prompt Refinement Cannot Helpcited by 12
  5. 2024Object-Attribute Binding in Text-to-Image Generation: Evaluation and Controlcited by 10
  6. 2023Vision + Language Applications: A Surveycited by 8
  7. 2024Relations, Negations, and Numbers: Looking for Logic in Generative Text-to-Image Modelscited by 8
  8. 2024DLPO: Diffusion Model Loss-Guided Reinforcement Learning for Fine-Tuning Text-to-Speech Diffusion Modelscited by 7
  9. 2024IDEA-Bench: How Far are Generative Models from Professional Designing?cited by 7
  10. 2023Semantic Generative Augmentations for Few-Shot Countingcited by 6
  11. 2024Trustworthy Text-to-Image Diffusion Models: A Timely and Focused Surveycited by 6
  12. 2023Transferring Visual Attributes from Natural Language to Verified Image Generationcited by 4
  13. 2025Do Large Multimodal Models Solve Caption Generation for Scientific Figures? Lessons Learned from SciCap Challenge 2023cited by 4
  14. 2025Vision-to-Music Generation: A Surveycited by 4
  15. 2024Gen4Gen: Generative Data Pipeline for Generative Multi-Concept Compositioncited by 3
  16. 2024Improved Emotional Alignment of AI and Humans: Human Ratings of Emotions Expressed by Stable Diffusion v1, DALL-E 2, and DALL-E 3cited by 3
  17. 2024From Noise to Nuance: Advances in Deep Generative Image Modelscited by 3
  18. 2025T2I-FineEval: Fine-Grained Compositional Metric for Text-to-Image Evaluationcited by 3
  19. 2025Trade-offs in Image Generation: How Do Different Dimensions Interact?cited by 3
  20. 2026SANEval: Open-Vocabulary Compositional Benchmarks with Failure-mode Diagnosiscited by 3
  21. 2023Enhancing OCR Performance through Post-OCR Models: Adopting Glyph Embedding for Improved Correctioncited by 2
  22. 2025ConceptMix++: Leveling the Playing Field in Text-to-Image Benchmarking via Iterative Prompt Optimizationcited by 2
  23. 2024Position: Towards Implicit Prompt For Text-To-Image Modelscited by 1
  24. 2024Offline Evaluation of Set-Based Text-to-Image Generationcited by 1
  25. 2025VISTAR:A User-Centric and Role-Driven Benchmark for Text-to-Image Evaluationcited by 1
  26. 2024ABHINAW: A method for Automatic Evaluation of Typography within AI-Generated Imagescited by 0
  27. 2026DyCoRM: Dynamic Criterion-Aware Reward Modeling for Text-to-Image Generationcited by 0
  28. 2026When Composition Doesn't Add Up: Humans Identifying Defects in AI-Generated Imagescited by 0
  29. 2026Imag-Eval: a language-grounded framework for interpretable Text-to-Image instruction following evaluationcited by 0

Similar, not cited

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  1. 2025Multimodal Language Models as Text-to-Image Model Evaluators
  2. 2026AtelierEval: Agentic Evaluation of Humans & LLMs as Text-to-Image Prompters
  3. 2025FineGRAIN: Evaluating Failure Modes of Text-to-Image Models with Vision Language Model Judges
  4. 2024Words Worth a Thousand Pictures: Measuring and Understanding Perceptual Variability in Text-to-Image Generation
  5. 2025Evaluating the Evaluators: Metrics for Compositional Text-to-Image Generation
  6. 2024EvalMuse-40K: A Reliable and Fine-Grained Benchmark with Comprehensive Human Annotations for Text-to-Image Generation Model Evaluation
  7. 2023InstructCV: Instruction-Tuned Text-to-Image Diffusion Models as Vision Generalists
  8. 2023GenEval: An Object-Focused Framework for Evaluating Text-to-Image Alignment