Proficiency assessment of L2 spoken English using wav2vec 2.0
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Abstract (arXiv)
The increasing demand for learning English as a second language has led to a growing interest in methods for automatically assessing spoken language proficiency. Most approaches use hand-crafted features, but their efficacy relies on their particular underlying assumptions and they risk discarding potentially salient information about proficiency. Other approaches rely on transcriptions produced by ASR systems which may not provide a faithful rendition of a learner's utterance in specific scenarios (e.g., non-native children's spontaneous speech). Furthermore, transcriptions do not yield any information about relevant aspects such as intonation, rhythm or prosody. In this paper, we investigate the use of wav2vec 2.0 for assessing overall and individual aspects of proficiency on two small datasets, one of which is publicly available. We find that this approach significantly outperforms the BERT-based baseline system trained on ASR and manual transcriptions used for comparison.
Key facts. Cited by 20 papers in the map (data through 13 Oct 2026). Builds on 11 of its 43 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 24 Oct 2022.
Builds on
11 of 43 references.
References · 11
- 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,304
- 2014Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimizationcited by 37,093
- 2020wav2vec 2.0: A Framework for Self-Supervised Learning of Speech Representationscited by 3,870
- 2021SUPERB: Speech processing Universal PERformance Benchmarkcited by 657
- 2021Robust wav2vec 2.0: Analyzing Domain Shift in Self-Supervised Pre-Trainingcited by 148
- 2021What all do audio transformer models hear? Probing Acoustic Representations for Language Delivery and its Structurecited by 52
- 2022Automatic Pronunciation Assessment using Self-Supervised Speech Representation Learningcited by 29
- 2020TLT-school: a Corpus of Non Native Children Speechcited by 12
- 2020ASR-Free Pronunciation Assessmentcited by 12
- 2019Dolphin: A Spoken Language Proficiency Assessment System for Elementary Educationcited by 5
- 2019Automatic assessment of spoken language proficiency of non-native childrencited by 4
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Citing papers per year: 2022: 1; 2023: 1; 2024: 3; 2025: 11; 2026: 4.
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- 2023What Do Self-Supervised Speech Models Know About Words?cited by 63
- 2025Assessment of L2 Oral Proficiency using Speech Large Language Modelscited by 14
- 2024An Effective Automated Speaking Assessment Approach to Mitigating Data Scarcity and Imbalanced Distributioncited by 7
- 2024LLMs in Education: Novel Perspectives, Challenges, and Opportunitiescited by 7
- 2025Natural Language-based Assessment of L2 Oral Proficiency using LLMscited by 6
- 2025Towards Efficient and Multifaceted Computer-assisted Pronunciation Training Leveraging Hierarchical Selective State Space Model and Decoupled Cross-entropy Losscited by 5
- 2022L2 proficiency assessment using self-supervised speech representationscited by 4
- 2025The NTNU System at the S&I Challenge 2025 SLA Open Trackcited by 3
- 2025One Whisper to Grade Them Allcited by 2
- 2024Optimizing Automatic Speech Assessment: W-RankSim Regularization and Hybrid Feature Fusion Strategiescited by 1
- 2025Automatic Proficiency Assessment in L2 English Learnerscited by 0
- 2025Emphasis Sensitivity in Speech Representationscited by 0
8 more
- 2025Beyond Modality Limitations: A Unified MLLM Approach to Automated Speaking Assessment with Effective Curriculum Learningcited by 0
- 2025Mitigating Data Imbalance in Automated Speaking Assessmentcited by 0
- 2025An Effective Strategy for Modeling Score Ordinality and Non-uniform Intervals in Automated Speaking Assessmentcited by 0
- 2025MuFFIN: Multifaceted Pronunciation Feedback Model with Interactive Hierarchical Neural Modelingcited by 0
- 2026Goodness-of-pronunciation without phoneme time alignmentcited by 0
- 2026Controlling Implicit Shortcut Reliance in L2 Spoken English Auto-markerscited by 0
- 2026Bias Analysis of L2 Speaking Assessment Systems Using Concept Activation Vectorscited by 0
- 2026Interpretable, Fairly Evaluated Automated L2 Speaking Assessment that Beats the Single-Human Ceiling and Why Pause Encoding Does Not Change LLM Fluency Scorescited by 0
- 2026Bias Analysis of L2 Speaking Assessment Systems Using Concept Activation Vectors6 Aug 2026
- 2026Controlling Implicit Shortcut Reliance in L2 Spoken English Auto-markers17 Jul 2026
- 2026Interpretable, Fairly Evaluated Automated L2 Speaking Assessment that Beats the Single-Human Ceiling and Why Pause Encoding Does Not Change LLM Fluency Scores25 Jun 2026
- 2026Goodness-of-pronunciation without phoneme time alignment26 Mar 2026
- 2025MuFFIN: Multifaceted Pronunciation Feedback Model with Interactive Hierarchical Neural Modeling6 Oct 2025
- 2025Mitigating Data Imbalance in Automated Speaking Assessment3 Sep 2025
- 2025An Effective Strategy for Modeling Score Ordinality and Non-uniform Intervals in Automated Speaking Assessment27 Aug 2025
- 2025Beyond Modality Limitations: A Unified MLLM Approach to Automated Speaking Assessment with Effective Curriculum Learning18 Aug 2025
- 2025Emphasis Sensitivity in Speech Representations15 Aug 2025
- 2025One Whisper to Grade Them All23 Jul 2025
- 2025Natural Language-based Assessment of L2 Oral Proficiency using LLMs14 Jul 2025
- 2025The NTNU System at the S&I Challenge 2025 SLA Open Track5 Jun 2025
8 more
- 2025Assessment of L2 Oral Proficiency using Speech Large Language Models27 May 2025
- 2025Automatic Proficiency Assessment in L2 English Learners5 May 2025
- 2025Towards Efficient and Multifaceted Computer-assisted Pronunciation Training Leveraging Hierarchical Selective State Space Model and Decoupled Cross-entropy Loss11 Feb 2025
- 2024LLMs in Education: Novel Perspectives, Challenges, and Opportunities18 Sep 2024
- 2024Optimizing Automatic Speech Assessment: W-RankSim Regularization and Hybrid Feature Fusion Strategies16 Jun 2024
- 2024An Effective Automated Speaking Assessment Approach to Mitigating Data Scarcity and Imbalanced Distribution11 Apr 2024
- 2023What Do Self-Supervised Speech Models Know About Words?30 Jun 2023
- 2022L2 proficiency assessment using self-supervised speech representations16 Nov 2022
- 2023What Do Self-Supervised Speech Models Know About Words?cited by 63
- 2025Assessment of L2 Oral Proficiency using Speech Large Language Modelscited by 14
- 2024An Effective Automated Speaking Assessment Approach to Mitigating Data Scarcity and Imbalanced Distributioncited by 7
- 2024LLMs in Education: Novel Perspectives, Challenges, and Opportunitiescited by 7
- 2025Natural Language-based Assessment of L2 Oral Proficiency using LLMscited by 6
- 2025Towards Efficient and Multifaceted Computer-assisted Pronunciation Training Leveraging Hierarchical Selective State Space Model and Decoupled Cross-entropy Losscited by 5
- 2022L2 proficiency assessment using self-supervised speech representationscited by 4
- 2025The NTNU System at the S&I Challenge 2025 SLA Open Trackcited by 3
- 2025One Whisper to Grade Them Allcited by 2
- 2024Optimizing Automatic Speech Assessment: W-RankSim Regularization and Hybrid Feature Fusion Strategiescited by 1
- 2025Automatic Proficiency Assessment in L2 English Learnerscited by 0
- 2025Emphasis Sensitivity in Speech Representationscited by 0
12 most cited of 19 All 19 (JSON)
- 2026Controlling Implicit Shortcut Reliance in L2 Spoken English Auto-markers17 Jul 2026
- 2026Interpretable, Fairly Evaluated Automated L2 Speaking Assessment that Beats the Single-Human Ceiling and Why Pause Encoding Does Not Change LLM Fluency Scores25 Jun 2026
- 2026Goodness-of-pronunciation without phoneme time alignment26 Mar 2026
- 2025MuFFIN: Multifaceted Pronunciation Feedback Model with Interactive Hierarchical Neural Modeling6 Oct 2025
- 2025Mitigating Data Imbalance in Automated Speaking Assessment3 Sep 2025
- 2025An Effective Strategy for Modeling Score Ordinality and Non-uniform Intervals in Automated Speaking Assessment27 Aug 2025
- 2025Beyond Modality Limitations: A Unified MLLM Approach to Automated Speaking Assessment with Effective Curriculum Learning18 Aug 2025
- 2025Emphasis Sensitivity in Speech Representations15 Aug 2025
- 2025One Whisper to Grade Them All23 Jul 2025
- 2025Natural Language-based Assessment of L2 Oral Proficiency using LLMs14 Jul 2025
- 2025The NTNU System at the S&I Challenge 2025 SLA Open Track5 Jun 2025
- 2025Assessment of L2 Oral Proficiency using Speech Large Language Models27 May 2025
12 newest of 19 All 19 (JSON)