mlsanityData to 13 Oct 2026

Proficiency assessment of L2 spoken English using wav2vec 2.0

arXiv 2210.13168 ↗First posted 24 Oct 2022cs.CL cs.SD eess.AScited by 20

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Abstract (arXiv)

The increasing demand for learning English as a second language has led to a growing interest in methods for automatically assessing spoken language proficiency. Most approaches use hand-crafted features, but their efficacy relies on their particular underlying assumptions and they risk discarding potentially salient information about proficiency. Other approaches rely on transcriptions produced by ASR systems which may not provide a faithful rendition of a learner's utterance in specific scenarios (e.g., non-native children's spontaneous speech). Furthermore, transcriptions do not yield any information about relevant aspects such as intonation, rhythm or prosody. In this paper, we investigate the use of wav2vec 2.0 for assessing overall and individual aspects of proficiency on two small datasets, one of which is publicly available. We find that this approach significantly outperforms the BERT-based baseline system trained on ASR and manual transcriptions used for comparison.

Key facts. Cited by 20 papers in the map (data through 13 Oct 2026). Builds on 11 of its 43 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 24 Oct 2022.

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11 of 43 references.

References · 11

  1. 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,304
  2. 2014Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimizationcited by 37,093
  3. 2020wav2vec 2.0: A Framework for Self-Supervised Learning of Speech Representationscited by 3,870
  4. 2021SUPERB: Speech processing Universal PERformance Benchmarkcited by 657
  5. 2021Robust wav2vec 2.0: Analyzing Domain Shift in Self-Supervised Pre-Trainingcited by 148
  6. 2021What all do audio transformer models hear? Probing Acoustic Representations for Language Delivery and its Structurecited by 52
  7. 2022Automatic Pronunciation Assessment using Self-Supervised Speech Representation Learningcited by 29
  8. 2020TLT-school: a Corpus of Non Native Children Speechcited by 12
  9. 2020ASR-Free Pronunciation Assessmentcited by 12
  10. 2019Dolphin: A Spoken Language Proficiency Assessment System for Elementary Educationcited by 5
  11. 2019Automatic assessment of spoken language proficiency of non-native childrencited by 4

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Cited by year (2026 to 13 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2022: 1; 2023: 1; 2024: 3; 2025: 11; 2026: 4.

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  1. 2023What Do Self-Supervised Speech Models Know About Words?cited by 63
  2. 2025Assessment of L2 Oral Proficiency using Speech Large Language Modelscited by 14
  3. 2024An Effective Automated Speaking Assessment Approach to Mitigating Data Scarcity and Imbalanced Distributioncited by 7
  4. 2024LLMs in Education: Novel Perspectives, Challenges, and Opportunitiescited by 7
  5. 2025Natural Language-based Assessment of L2 Oral Proficiency using LLMscited by 6
  6. 2025Towards Efficient and Multifaceted Computer-assisted Pronunciation Training Leveraging Hierarchical Selective State Space Model and Decoupled Cross-entropy Losscited by 5
  7. 2022L2 proficiency assessment using self-supervised speech representationscited by 4
  8. 2025The NTNU System at the S&I Challenge 2025 SLA Open Trackcited by 3
  9. 2025One Whisper to Grade Them Allcited by 2
  10. 2024Optimizing Automatic Speech Assessment: W-RankSim Regularization and Hybrid Feature Fusion Strategiescited by 1
  11. 2025Automatic Proficiency Assessment in L2 English Learnerscited by 0
  12. 2025Emphasis Sensitivity in Speech Representationscited by 0
8 more
  1. 2025Beyond Modality Limitations: A Unified MLLM Approach to Automated Speaking Assessment with Effective Curriculum Learningcited by 0
  2. 2025Mitigating Data Imbalance in Automated Speaking Assessmentcited by 0
  3. 2025An Effective Strategy for Modeling Score Ordinality and Non-uniform Intervals in Automated Speaking Assessmentcited by 0
  4. 2025MuFFIN: Multifaceted Pronunciation Feedback Model with Interactive Hierarchical Neural Modelingcited by 0
  5. 2026Goodness-of-pronunciation without phoneme time alignmentcited by 0
  6. 2026Controlling Implicit Shortcut Reliance in L2 Spoken English Auto-markerscited by 0
  7. 2026Bias Analysis of L2 Speaking Assessment Systems Using Concept Activation Vectorscited by 0
  8. 2026Interpretable, Fairly Evaluated Automated L2 Speaking Assessment that Beats the Single-Human Ceiling and Why Pause Encoding Does Not Change LLM Fluency Scorescited by 0