Protein Sequence and Structure Co-Design with Equivariant Translation
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Abstract (arXiv)
Proteins are macromolecules that perform essential functions in all living organisms. Designing novel proteins with specific structures and desired functions has been a long-standing challenge in the field of bioengineering. Existing approaches generate both protein sequence and structure using either autoregressive models or diffusion models, both of which suffer from high inference costs. In this paper, we propose a new approach capable of protein sequence and structure co-design, which iteratively translates both protein sequence and structure into the desired state from random initialization, based on context features given a priori. Our model consists of a trigonometry-aware encoder that reasons geometrical constraints and interactions from context features, and a roto-translation equivariant decoder that translates protein sequence and structure interdependently. Notably, all protein amino acids are updated in one shot in each translation step, which significantly accelerates the inference process. Experimental results across multiple tasks show that our model outperforms previous state-of-the-art baselines by a large margin, and is able to design proteins of high fidelity as regards both sequence and structure, with running time orders of magnitude less than sampling-based methods.
Key facts. Cited by 31 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 18 of its 56 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 17 Oct 2022.
Builds on
18 of 56 references.
References · 18
- 2017Attention Is All You Needcited by 60,361
- 2020Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Modelscited by 21,076
- 2019Generative Modeling by Estimating Gradients of the Data Distributioncited by 4,101
- 2013Auto-Encoding Variational Bayescited by 4,053
- 2021Diffusion Probabilistic Models for 3D Point Cloud Generationcited by 735
- 2022Equivariant Diffusion for Molecule Generation in 3Dcited by 677
- 2019Deep Equilibrium Modelscited by 615
- 2022GeoDiff: a Geometric Diffusion Model for Molecular Conformation Generationcited by 516
- 2020Learning from Protein Structure with Geometric Vector Perceptronscited by 313
- 2020Equivariant Flows: Exact Likelihood Generative Learning for Symmetric Densitiescited by 250
- 2022Diffusion probabilistic modeling of protein backbones in 3D for the motif-scaffolding problemcited by 236
- 2021Learning Gradient Fields for Molecular Conformation Generationcited by 163
6 more
- 2022Protein Structure and Sequence Generation with Equivariant Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Modelscited by 98
- 2021Iterative Refinement Graph Neural Network for Antibody Sequence-Structure Co-designcited by 86
- 2022Conditional Antibody Design as 3D Equivariant Graph Translationcited by 75
- 2022Direct Molecular Conformation Generationcited by 30
- 2020Deep Learning in Protein Structural Modeling and Designcited by 25
- 2021Roto-translated Local Coordinate Frames For Interacting Dynamical Systemscited by 24
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Citing papers per year: 2023: 14; 2024: 10; 2025: 5; 2026: 2.
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- 2024Generative Flows on Discrete State-Spaces: Enabling Multimodal Flows with Applications to Protein Co-Designcited by 305
- 2023MiDi: Mixed Graph and 3D Denoising Diffusion for Molecule Generationcited by 98
- 2024DPLM-2: A Multimodal Diffusion Protein Language Modelcited by 64
- 2023Equivariant Flow Matching with Hybrid Probability Transportcited by 60
- 2023AbDiffuser: Full-Atom Generation of in vitro Functioning Antibodiescited by 35
- 2023Str2Str: A Score-based Framework for Zero-shot Protein Conformation Samplingcited by 29
- 2024A Survey of Generative AI for de novo Drug Design: New Frontiers in Molecule and Protein Generationcited by 29
- 2023A Latent Diffusion Model for Protein Structure Generationcited by 28
- 2024A Survey of Geometric Graph Neural Networks: Data Structures, Models and Applicationscited by 28
- 2024FoldToken: Learning Protein Language via Vector Quantization and Beyondcited by 23
- 2023Generalist Equivariant Transformer Towards 3D Molecular Interaction Learningcited by 19
- 2025A Periodic Bayesian Flow for Material Generationcited by 16
19 more
- 2023AbODE: Ab Initio Antibody Design using Conjoined ODEscited by 15
- 2023A Hierarchical Training Paradigm for Antibody Structure-sequence Co-designcited by 13
- 2023A Multi-Modal Contrastive Diffusion Model for Therapeutic Peptide Generationcited by 10
- 2025dyAb: Flow Matching for Flexible Antibody Design with AlphaFold-driven Pre-binding Antigencited by 10
- 2025An All-Atom Generative Model for Designing Protein Complexescited by 10
- 2024Annotation-guided Protein Design with Multi-Level Domain Alignmentcited by 9
- 2023Cross-Gate MLP with Protein Complex Invariant Embedding is A One-Shot Antibody Designercited by 8
- 2023Equivariant Map and Agent Geometry for Autonomous Driving Motion Predictioncited by 6
- 2023PDB-Struct: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Structure-based Protein Designcited by 6
- 2024Generative Enzyme Design Guided by Functionally Important Sites and Small-Molecule Substratescited by 5
- 2023Joint Design of Protein Sequence and Structure based on Motifscited by 3
- 2023Functional Geometry Guided Protein Sequence and Backbone Structure Co-Designcited by 2
- 2024Diffusion-based Graph Generative Methodscited by 2
- 2024Fusing Neural and Physical: Augment Protein Conformation Sampling with Tractable Simulationscited by 1
- 2025A Model-Centric Review of Deep Learning for Protein Designcited by 1
- 2025EnzyControl: Adding Functional and Substrate-Specific Control for Enzyme Backbone Generationcited by 1
- 2026SimpleDesign: A Joint Model for Protein Sequence and Structure Codesigncited by 1
- 2024What Ails Generative Structure-based Drug Design: Expressivity is Too Little or Too Much?cited by 0
- 2026PI-Mamba: Linear-Time Protein Backbone Generation via Spectrally Initialized Flow Matchingcited by 0
- 2026SimpleDesign: A Joint Model for Protein Sequence and Structure Codesign3 Sep 2026
- 2026PI-Mamba: Linear-Time Protein Backbone Generation via Spectrally Initialized Flow Matching17 Mar 2026
- 2025EnzyControl: Adding Functional and Substrate-Specific Control for Enzyme Backbone Generation29 Oct 2025
- 2025An All-Atom Generative Model for Designing Protein Complexes17 Apr 2025
- 2025dyAb: Flow Matching for Flexible Antibody Design with AlphaFold-driven Pre-binding Antigen1 Mar 2025
- 2025A Model-Centric Review of Deep Learning for Protein Design26 Feb 2025
- 2025A Periodic Bayesian Flow for Material Generation4 Feb 2025
- 2024DPLM-2: A Multimodal Diffusion Protein Language Model17 Oct 2024
- 2024What Ails Generative Structure-based Drug Design: Expressivity is Too Little or Too Much?12 Aug 2024
- 2024Generative Enzyme Design Guided by Functionally Important Sites and Small-Molecule Substrates13 May 2024
- 2024Annotation-guided Protein Design with Multi-Level Domain Alignment18 Apr 2024
- 2024A Survey of Geometric Graph Neural Networks: Data Structures, Models and Applications1 Mar 2024
19 more
- 2024Fusing Neural and Physical: Augment Protein Conformation Sampling with Tractable Simulations16 Feb 2024
- 2024A Survey of Generative AI for de novo Drug Design: New Frontiers in Molecule and Protein Generation13 Feb 2024
- 2024Generative Flows on Discrete State-Spaces: Enabling Multimodal Flows with Applications to Protein Co-Design7 Feb 2024
- 2024FoldToken: Learning Protein Language via Vector Quantization and Beyond4 Feb 2024
- 2024Diffusion-based Graph Generative Methods28 Jan 2024
- 2023A Multi-Modal Contrastive Diffusion Model for Therapeutic Peptide Generation25 Dec 2023
- 2023Equivariant Flow Matching with Hybrid Probability Transport12 Dec 2023
- 2023PDB-Struct: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Structure-based Protein Design30 Nov 2023
- 2023A Hierarchical Training Paradigm for Antibody Structure-sequence Co-design30 Oct 2023
- 2023Equivariant Map and Agent Geometry for Autonomous Driving Motion Prediction21 Oct 2023
- 2023Functional Geometry Guided Protein Sequence and Backbone Structure Co-Design6 Oct 2023
- 2023Joint Design of Protein Sequence and Structure based on Motifs4 Oct 2023
- 2023AbDiffuser: Full-Atom Generation of in vitro Functioning Antibodies28 Jul 2023
- 2023Str2Str: A Score-based Framework for Zero-shot Protein Conformation Sampling5 Jun 2023
- 2023Generalist Equivariant Transformer Towards 3D Molecular Interaction Learning2 Jun 2023
- 2023AbODE: Ab Initio Antibody Design using Conjoined ODEs31 May 2023
- 2023A Latent Diffusion Model for Protein Structure Generation6 May 2023
- 2023Cross-Gate MLP with Protein Complex Invariant Embedding is A One-Shot Antibody Designer21 Apr 2023
- 2023MiDi: Mixed Graph and 3D Denoising Diffusion for Molecule Generation17 Feb 2023
- 2024Generative Flows on Discrete State-Spaces: Enabling Multimodal Flows with Applications to Protein Co-Designcited by 305
- 2023MiDi: Mixed Graph and 3D Denoising Diffusion for Molecule Generationcited by 98
- 2023Equivariant Flow Matching with Hybrid Probability Transportcited by 60
- 2023AbDiffuser: Full-Atom Generation of in vitro Functioning Antibodiescited by 35
- 2023A Latent Diffusion Model for Protein Structure Generationcited by 28
- 2023A Multi-Modal Contrastive Diffusion Model for Therapeutic Peptide Generationcited by 10
- 2024Diffusion-based Graph Generative Methodscited by 2
- 2024Generative Flows on Discrete State-Spaces: Enabling Multimodal Flows with Applications to Protein Co-Design7 Feb 2024
- 2024Diffusion-based Graph Generative Methods28 Jan 2024
- 2023A Multi-Modal Contrastive Diffusion Model for Therapeutic Peptide Generation25 Dec 2023
- 2023Equivariant Flow Matching with Hybrid Probability Transport12 Dec 2023
- 2023AbDiffuser: Full-Atom Generation of in vitro Functioning Antibodies28 Jul 2023
- 2023A Latent Diffusion Model for Protein Structure Generation6 May 2023
- 2023MiDi: Mixed Graph and 3D Denoising Diffusion for Molecule Generation17 Feb 2023
- 2024DPLM-2: A Multimodal Diffusion Protein Language Modelcited by 64
- 2023Str2Str: A Score-based Framework for Zero-shot Protein Conformation Samplingcited by 29
- 2024A Survey of Generative AI for de novo Drug Design: New Frontiers in Molecule and Protein Generationcited by 29
- 2024A Survey of Geometric Graph Neural Networks: Data Structures, Models and Applicationscited by 28
- 2024FoldToken: Learning Protein Language via Vector Quantization and Beyondcited by 23
- 2023Generalist Equivariant Transformer Towards 3D Molecular Interaction Learningcited by 19
- 2025A Periodic Bayesian Flow for Material Generationcited by 16
- 2023AbODE: Ab Initio Antibody Design using Conjoined ODEscited by 15
- 2023A Hierarchical Training Paradigm for Antibody Structure-sequence Co-designcited by 13
- 2025dyAb: Flow Matching for Flexible Antibody Design with AlphaFold-driven Pre-binding Antigencited by 10
- 2025An All-Atom Generative Model for Designing Protein Complexescited by 10
- 2024Annotation-guided Protein Design with Multi-Level Domain Alignmentcited by 9
12 most cited of 23 All 23 (JSON)
- 2026SimpleDesign: A Joint Model for Protein Sequence and Structure Codesign3 Sep 2026
- 2025EnzyControl: Adding Functional and Substrate-Specific Control for Enzyme Backbone Generation29 Oct 2025
- 2025An All-Atom Generative Model for Designing Protein Complexes17 Apr 2025
- 2025dyAb: Flow Matching for Flexible Antibody Design with AlphaFold-driven Pre-binding Antigen1 Mar 2025
- 2025A Model-Centric Review of Deep Learning for Protein Design26 Feb 2025
- 2025A Periodic Bayesian Flow for Material Generation4 Feb 2025
- 2024DPLM-2: A Multimodal Diffusion Protein Language Model17 Oct 2024
- 2024What Ails Generative Structure-based Drug Design: Expressivity is Too Little or Too Much?12 Aug 2024
- 2024Generative Enzyme Design Guided by Functionally Important Sites and Small-Molecule Substrates13 May 2024
- 2024Annotation-guided Protein Design with Multi-Level Domain Alignment18 Apr 2024
- 2024A Survey of Geometric Graph Neural Networks: Data Structures, Models and Applications1 Mar 2024
- 2024Fusing Neural and Physical: Augment Protein Conformation Sampling with Tractable Simulations16 Feb 2024
12 newest of 23 All 23 (JSON)
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- 2026Ligand-Conditioned Discrete Diffusion for Protein Sequence-Structure Co-Design
- 2024Learning the Language of Protein Structure
- 2024Sequence-Augmented SE(3)-Flow Matching For Conditional Protein Backbone Generation
- 2023Generating Novel, Designable, and Diverse Protein Structures by Equivariantly Diffusing Oriented Residue Clouds
- 2026Generative Modeling in Protein Design: Neural Representations, Conditional Generation, and Evaluation Standards
- 2024FoldToken2: Learning compact, invariant and generative protein structure language
- 2025ProteinAE: Protein Diffusion Autoencoders for Structure Encoding
- 2026Learning Latent Protein Languages for Autoregressive Generation