mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

Lighting (In)consistency of Paint by Text

arXiv 2207.13744 ↗First posted 27 Jul 2022cs.CV cs.AI cs.GRcited by 35

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Abstract (arXiv)

Whereas generative adversarial networks are capable of synthesizing highly realistic images of faces, cats, landscapes, or almost any other single category, paint-by-text synthesis engines can -- from a single text prompt -- synthesize realistic images of seemingly endless categories with arbitrary configurations and combinations. This powerful technology poses new challenges to the photo-forensic community. Motivated by the fact that paint by text is not based on explicit geometric or physical models, and the human visual system's general insensitivity to lighting inconsistencies, we provide an initial exploration of the lighting consistency of DALL-E-2 synthesized images to determine if physics-based forensic analyses will prove fruitful in detecting this new breed of synthetic media.

Key facts. Cited by 35 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 6 of its 22 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 27 Jul 2022.

Builds on

6 of 22 references.

References · 6

  1. 2021Learning Transferable Visual Models From Natural Language Supervisioncited by 33,744
  2. 2019Generating Diverse High-Fidelity Images with VQ-VAE-2cited by 1,387
  3. 2022Scaling Autoregressive Models for Content-Rich Text-to-Image Generationcited by 1,295
  4. 2016Keep it SMPL: Automatic Estimation of 3D Human Pose and Shape from a Single Imagecited by 695
  5. 2021Paint by Wordcited by 107
  6. 2022Perspective (In)consistency of Paint by Textcited by 34

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Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2022: 2; 2023: 9; 2024: 10; 2025: 8; 2026: 6.

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  1. 2023The Stable Signature: Rooting Watermarks in Latent Diffusion Modelscited by 304
  2. 2022On the detection of synthetic images generated by diffusion modelscited by 283
  3. 2023Raising the Bar of AI-generated Image Detection with CLIPcited by 164
  4. 2024AEROBLADE: Training-Free Detection of Latent Diffusion Images Using Autoencoder Reconstruction Errorcited by 125
  5. 2023Intriguing properties of synthetic images: from generative adversarial networks to diffusion modelscited by 123
  6. 2022Towards the Detection of Diffusion Model Deepfakescited by 111
  7. 2024Any-Resolution AI-Generated Image Detection by Spectral Learningcited by 57
  8. 2024Zero-Shot Detection of AI-Generated Imagescited by 50
  9. 2024FakeBench: Probing Explainable Fake Image Detection via Large Multimodal Modelscited by 36
  10. 2024PhyBench: A Physical Commonsense Benchmark for Evaluating Text-to-Image Modelscited by 36
  11. 2023Deep Image Fingerprint: Towards Low Budget Synthetic Image Detection and Model Lineage Analysiscited by 30
  12. 2023Weakly-supervised deepfake localization in diffusion-generated imagescited by 24
23 more
  1. 2024Robust CLIP-Based Detector for Exposing Diffusion Model-Generated Imagescited by 20
  2. 2023Enhancing Diffusion Models with 3D Perspective Geometry Constraintscited by 16
  3. 2023The Age of Synthetic Realities: Challenges and Opportunitiescited by 15
  4. 2025Characterizing Photorealism and Artifacts in Diffusion Model-Generated Imagescited by 14
  5. 2024Synthetic Image Verification in the Era of Generative AI: What Works and What Isn't There Yetcited by 13
  6. 2025Survey on AI-Generated Media Detection: From Non-MLLM to MLLMcited by 12
  7. 2024A Survey on Responsible Generative AI: What to Generate and What Notcited by 8
  8. 2025NS-Net: Decoupling CLIP Semantic Information through NULL-Space for Generalizable AI-Generated Image Detectioncited by 8
  9. 2023Local Statistics for Generative Image Detectioncited by 5
  10. 2023Synthetic images aid the recognition of human-made art forgeriescited by 4
  11. 2024Trinity Detector:text-assisted and attention mechanisms based spectral fusion for diffusion generation image detectioncited by 4
  12. 2024Synthetic Photography Detection: A Visual Guidance for Identifying Synthetic Images Created by AIcited by 3
  13. 2026Diffusion Epistemic Uncertainty with Asymmetric Learning for Diffusion-Generated Image Detectioncited by 3
  14. 2025Where's the liability in the Generative Era? Recovery-based Black-Box Detection of AI-Generated Contentcited by 1
  15. 2025PRADA: Probability-Ratio-Based Attribution and Detection of Autoregressive-Generated Imagescited by 1
  16. 2025A parameter-efficient three-branch architecture for multimodal misinformation detection with limited annotationscited by 1
  17. 2026Fake3DGS: A Benchmark for 3D Manipulation Detection in Neural Renderingcited by 1
  18. 2026Shedding Light: A Benchmark for Evaluating Lighting Understanding in Generative Image Modelscited by 1
  19. 2025Robustness in AI-Generated Detection: Enhancing Resistance to Adversarial Attackscited by 0
  20. 2025AdaptPrompt: Parameter-Efficient Adaptation of VLMs for Generalizable Deepfake Detectioncited by 0
  21. 2026Unknown Aware AI-Generated Content Attributioncited by 0
  22. 2026Moir'e Video Authentication: A Physical Signature Against AI Video Generationcited by 0
  23. 2026Do Generative Priors Align with Human Naturalness Perception?cited by 0