Protoformer: Embedding Prototypes for Transformers
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Abstract (arXiv)
Transformers have been widely applied in text classification. Unfortunately, real-world data contain anomalies and noisy labels that cause challenges for state-of-art Transformers. This paper proposes Protoformer, a novel self-learning framework for Transformers that can leverage problematic samples for text classification. Protoformer features a selection mechanism for embedding samples that allows us to efficiently extract and utilize anomalies prototypes and difficult class prototypes. We demonstrated such capabilities on datasets with diverse textual structures (e.g., Twitter, IMDB, ArXiv). We also applied the framework to several models. The results indicate that Protoformer can improve current Transformers in various empirical settings.
Key facts. Cited by 6 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 11 of its 15 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 25 Jun 2022.
Builds on
11 of 15 references.
References · 11
- 2017Attention Is All You Needcited by 60,361
- 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,399
- 2019RoBERTa: A Robustly Optimized BERT Pretraining Approachcited by 13,372
- 2019Enhancing the Locality and Breaking the Memory Bottleneck of Transformer on Time Series Forecastingcited by 607
- 2020Combating noisy labels by agreement: A joint training method with co-regularizationcited by 289
- 2020Identifying Mislabeled Data using the Area Under the Margin Rankingcited by 261
- 2016Structured Inference Networks for Nonlinear State Space Modelscited by 182
- 2017CleanNet: Transfer Learning for Scalable Image Classifier Training with Label Noisecited by 181
- 2019Deep Self-Learning From Noisy Labelscited by 122
- 2019TANDA: Transfer and Adapt Pre-Trained Transformer Models for Answer Sentence Selectioncited by 74
- 2019DocBERT: BERT for Document Classificationcited by 68
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2022: 1; 2023: 0; 2024: 1; 2025: 3; 2026: 1.
6 papers.
- 2022Toward Transparent AI: A Survey on Interpreting the Inner Structures of Deep Neural Networkscited by 129
- 2024Prototypical Transformer as Unified Motion Learnerscited by 4
- 2025Focus on Likely Classes for Test-Time Predictioncited by 1
- 2025Predict Training Data Quality via Its Geometry in Metric Spacecited by 0
- 2025S2LM: Towards Semantic Steganography via Large Language Modelscited by 0
- 2026IVT-Guard: All-in-One Reasoning Model for AI-Generated Content Detectioncited by 0
- 2026IVT-Guard: All-in-One Reasoning Model for AI-Generated Content Detection27 Sep 2026
- 2025S2LM: Towards Semantic Steganography via Large Language Models7 Nov 2025
- 2025Predict Training Data Quality via Its Geometry in Metric Space12 Oct 2025
- 2025Focus on Likely Classes for Test-Time Prediction2 May 2025
- 2024Prototypical Transformer as Unified Motion Learners3 Jun 2024
- 2022Toward Transparent AI: A Survey on Interpreting the Inner Structures of Deep Neural Networks27 Jul 2022