DeepSAT: An EDA-Driven Learning Framework for SAT
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Abstract (arXiv)
We present DeepSAT, a novel end-to-end learning framework for the Boolean satisfiability (SAT) problem. Unlike existing solutions trained on random SAT instances with relatively weak supervision, we propose applying the knowledge of the well-developed electronic design automation (EDA) field for SAT solving. Specifically, we first resort to logic synthesis algorithms to pre-process SAT instances into optimized and-inverter graphs (AIGs). By doing so, the distribution diversity among various SAT instances can be dramatically reduced, which facilitates improving the generalization capability of the learned model. Next, we regard the distribution of SAT solutions being a product of conditional Bernoulli distributions. Based on this observation, we approximate the SAT solving procedure with a conditional generative model, leveraging a novel directed acyclic graph neural network (DAGNN) with two polarity prototypes for conditional SAT modeling. To effectively train the generative model, with the help of logic simulation tools, we obtain the probabilities of nodes in the AIG being logic `1' as rich supervision. We conduct comprehensive experiments on various SAT problems. Our results show that, DeepSAT achieves significant accuracy improvements over state-of-the-art learning-based SAT solutions, especially when generalized to SAT instances that are relatively large or with diverse distributions.
Key facts. Cited by 11 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 12 of its 29 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 27 May 2022.
Builds on
12 of 29 references.
References · 12
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- 2017Learning Combinatorial Optimization Algorithms over Graphscited by 561
- 2018Learning a SAT Solver from Single-Bit Supervisioncited by 200
- 2021Directed Acyclic Graph Neural Networkscited by 70
- 2021Graph Neural Network Guided Local Search for the Traveling Salesperson Problemcited by 70
- 2021DeepGate: Learning Neural Representations of Logic Gatescited by 37
- 2020NLocalSAT: Boosting Local Search with Solution Predictioncited by 25
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Citing papers per year: 2023: 2; 2024: 2; 2025: 4; 2026: 3.
11 papers.
- 2024DeepGate3: Towards Scalable Circuit Representation Learningcited by 26
- 2023G4SATBench: Benchmarking and Advancing SAT Solving with Graph Neural Networkscited by 18
- 2025Autonomous Code Evolution Meets NP-Completenesscited by 15
- 2025DeepGate4: Efficient and Effective Representation Learning for Circuit Design at Scalecited by 12
- 2024DeepSeq2: Enhanced Sequential Circuit Learning with Disentangled Representationscited by 5
- 2023General Method for Solving Four Types of SAT Problemscited by 4
- 2025MILP-SAT-GNN: Yet Another Neural SAT Solvercited by 1
- 2025TRACE: Learning to Compute on Circuit Graphscited by 0
- 2026Unsat Core Prediction through Polarity-Aware Representation Learning over Clause-Literal Hypergraphscited by 0
- 2026Beyond Flat Netlist: Hierarchical Graph Representation Learning for Scalable Analysis of Sequential Circuitscited by 0
- 2026LevelSyn: Physical-Aware Logic Synthesis via Level-Asynchronous Graph Neural Networkscited by 0
- 2026LevelSyn: Physical-Aware Logic Synthesis via Level-Asynchronous Graph Neural Networks3 Sep 2026
- 2026Beyond Flat Netlist: Hierarchical Graph Representation Learning for Scalable Analysis of Sequential Circuits28 Aug 2026
- 2026Unsat Core Prediction through Polarity-Aware Representation Learning over Clause-Literal Hypergraphs6 May 2026
- 2025TRACE: Learning to Compute on Circuit Graphs26 Sep 2025
- 2025Autonomous Code Evolution Meets NP-Completeness9 Sep 2025
- 2025MILP-SAT-GNN: Yet Another Neural SAT Solver2 Jul 2025
- 2025DeepGate4: Efficient and Effective Representation Learning for Circuit Design at Scale2 Feb 2025
- 2024DeepSeq2: Enhanced Sequential Circuit Learning with Disentangled Representations1 Nov 2024
- 2024DeepGate3: Towards Scalable Circuit Representation Learning15 Jul 2024
- 2023General Method for Solving Four Types of SAT Problems27 Dec 2023
- 2023G4SATBench: Benchmarking and Advancing SAT Solving with Graph Neural Networks29 Sep 2023