Symphony Generation with Permutation Invariant Language Model
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Abstract (arXiv)
In this work, we propose a permutation invariant language model, SymphonyNet, as a solution for symbolic symphony music generation. We propose a novel Multi-track Multi-instrument Repeatable (MMR) representation for symphonic music and model the music sequence using a Transformer-based auto-regressive language model with specific 3-D positional embedding. To overcome length overflow when modeling extra-long symphony tokens, we also propose a modified Byte Pair Encoding algorithm (Music BPE) for music tokens and introduce a novel linear transformer decoder architecture as a backbone. Meanwhile, we train the decoder to learn automatic orchestration as a joint task by masking instrument information from the input. We also introduce a large-scale symbolic symphony dataset for the advance of symphony generation research. Empirical results show that the proposed approach can generate coherent, novel, complex and harmonious symphony as a pioneer solution for multi-track multi-instrument symbolic music generation.
Key facts. Cited by 35 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 17 of its 34 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 10 May 2022.
Builds on
17 of 34 references.
References · 17
- 2017Attention Is All You Needcited by 60,361
- 2020Language Models are Few-Shot Learnerscited by 32,419
- 2015Neural Machine Translation of Rare Words with Subword Unitscited by 2,918
- 2020Transformers are RNNs: Fast Autoregressive Transformers with Linear Attentioncited by 2,022
- 2020Efficient Transformers: A Surveycited by 790
- 2018Music Transformercited by 211
- 2017MuseGAN: Multi-track Sequential Generative Adversarial Networks for Symbolic Music Generation and Accompanimentcited by 151
- 2018A Hierarchical Latent Vector Model for Learning Long-Term Structure in Musiccited by 131
- 2021Compound Word Transformer: Learning to Compose Full-Song Music over Dynamic Directed Hypergraphscited by 110
- 2016DeepBach: a Steerable Model for Bach Chorales Generationcited by 91
- 2021MusicBERT: Symbolic Music Understanding with Large-Scale Pre-Trainingcited by 89
- 2017MidiNet: A Convolutional Generative Adversarial Network for Symbolic-domain Music Generationcited by 72
5 more
- 2020PopMAG: Pop Music Accompaniment Generationcited by 68
- 2019LakhNES: Improving multi-instrumental music generation with cross-domain pre-trainingcited by 54
- 2020MMM : Exploring Conditional Multi-Track Music Generation with the Transformercited by 49
- 2020PiRhDy: Learning Pitch-, Rhythm-, and Dynamics-aware Embeddings for Symbolic Musiccited by 24
- 2021Towards Automatic Instrumentation by Learning to Separate Parts in Symbolic Multitrack Musiccited by 5
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Citing papers per year: 2022: 5; 2023: 7; 2024: 9; 2025: 8; 2026: 6.
35 papers.
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- 2023MuseCoco: Generating Symbolic Music from Textcited by 52
- 2022Museformer: Transformer with Fine- and Coarse-Grained Attention for Music Generationcited by 49
- 2024Foundation Models for Music: A Surveycited by 37
- 2025NotaGen: Advancing Musicality in Symbolic Music Generation with Large Language Model Training Paradigmscited by 30
- 2023miditok: A Python package for MIDI file tokenizationcited by 27
- 2023Byte Pair Encoding for Symbolic Musiccited by 19
- 2024Text2midi: Generating Symbolic Music from Captionscited by 19
- 2024PDMX: A Large-Scale Public Domain MusicXML Dataset for Symbolic Music Processingcited by 15
- 2022The Chamber Ensemble Generator: Limitless High-Quality MIR Data via Generative Modelingcited by 10
- 2024Natural Language Processing Methods for Symbolic Music Generation and Information Retrieval: a Surveycited by 10
- 2023Composer's Assistant: An Interactive Transformer for Multi-Track MIDI Infillingcited by 9
- 2022YM2413-MDB: A Multi-Instrumental FM Video Game Music Dataset with Emotion Annotationscited by 7
23 more
- 2024Motifs, Phrases, and Beyond: The Modelling of Structure in Symbolic Music Generationcited by 7
- 2025The GigaMIDI Dataset with Features for Expressive Music Performance Detectioncited by 7
- 2023Impact of time and note duration tokenizations on deep learning symbolic music modelingcited by 6
- 2024Structure-informed Positional Encoding for Music Generationcited by 5
- 2024GraphMuse: A Library for Symbolic Music Graph Processingcited by 5
- 2024Composer's Assistant 2: Interactive Multi-Track MIDI Infilling with Fine-Grained User Controlcited by 5
- 2022Melody Infilling with User-Provided Structural Contextcited by 4
- 2025Moonbeam: A MIDI Foundation Model Using Both Absolute and Relative Music Attributescited by 4
- 2022A Survey on Artificial Intelligence for Music Generation: Agents, Domains and Perspectivescited by 3
- 2023From Words to Music: A Study of Subword Tokenization Techniques in Symbolic Music Generationcited by 2
- 2023Automatic Time Signature Determination for New Scores Using Lyrics for Latent Rhythmic Structurecited by 2
- 2024BandCondiNet: Parallel Transformers-based Conditional Popular Music Generation with Multi-View Featurescited by 2
- 2025F-StrIPE: Fast Structure-Informed Positional Encoding for Symbolic Music Generationcited by 2
- 2025Diffusion-based Symbolic Music Generation with Structured State Space Modelscited by 2
- 2025Time-Shifted Token Scheduling for Symbolic Music Generationcited by 2
- 2026SymphonyGen: 3D Hierarchical Orchestral Generation with Controllable Harmony Skeletoncited by 2
- 2025Of All StrIPEs: Investigating Structure-informed Positional Encoding for Efficient Music Generationcited by 0
- 2025Amadeus: Autoregressive Model with Bidirectional Attribute Modelling for Symbolic Musiccited by 0
- 2026Anchored Cyclic Generation: A Novel Paradigm for Long-Sequence Symbolic Music Generationcited by 0
- 2026Rubato: Transcribing Piano Music with Timestampscited by 0
- 2026Libretto: Giving LLM Agents a Sense of Musical Structurecited by 0
- 2026UOT-IR: Structured Routing of High-Polyphony Symbolic Music into Fixed-Budget Representationscited by 0
- 2026Diff-Symbo: Text-Controlled Long-Duration Symbolic Music Generation Using Autoregressive Latent Diffusion Modelcited by 0
- 2026Diff-Symbo: Text-Controlled Long-Duration Symbolic Music Generation Using Autoregressive Latent Diffusion Model5 Aug 2026
- 2026UOT-IR: Structured Routing of High-Polyphony Symbolic Music into Fixed-Budget Representations1 Aug 2026
- 2026Libretto: Giving LLM Agents a Sense of Musical Structure21 Jun 2026
- 2026Rubato: Transcribing Piano Music with Timestamps22 May 2026
- 2026SymphonyGen: 3D Hierarchical Orchestral Generation with Controllable Harmony Skeleton28 Apr 2026
- 2026Anchored Cyclic Generation: A Novel Paradigm for Long-Sequence Symbolic Music Generation7 Apr 2026
- 2025Time-Shifted Token Scheduling for Symbolic Music Generation28 Sep 2025
- 2025Amadeus: Autoregressive Model with Bidirectional Attribute Modelling for Symbolic Music28 Aug 2025
- 2025Diffusion-based Symbolic Music Generation with Structured State Space Models27 Jul 2025
- 2025Moonbeam: A MIDI Foundation Model Using Both Absolute and Relative Music Attributes21 May 2025
- 2025Of All StrIPEs: Investigating Structure-informed Positional Encoding for Efficient Music Generation7 Apr 2025
- 2025NotaGen: Advancing Musicality in Symbolic Music Generation with Large Language Model Training Paradigms25 Feb 2025
23 more
- 2025The GigaMIDI Dataset with Features for Expressive Music Performance Detection24 Feb 2025
- 2025F-StrIPE: Fast Structure-Informed Positional Encoding for Symbolic Music Generation14 Feb 2025
- 2024Text2midi: Generating Symbolic Music from Captions21 Dec 2024
- 2024PDMX: A Large-Scale Public Domain MusicXML Dataset for Symbolic Music Processing17 Sep 2024
- 2024Foundation Models for Music: A Survey26 Aug 2024
- 2024Composer's Assistant 2: Interactive Multi-Track MIDI Infilling with Fine-Grained User Control19 Jul 2024
- 2024GraphMuse: A Library for Symbolic Music Graph Processing17 Jul 2024
- 2024BandCondiNet: Parallel Transformers-based Conditional Popular Music Generation with Multi-View Features15 Jul 2024
- 2024Motifs, Phrases, and Beyond: The Modelling of Structure in Symbolic Music Generation12 Mar 2024
- 2024Natural Language Processing Methods for Symbolic Music Generation and Information Retrieval: a Survey27 Feb 2024
- 2024Structure-informed Positional Encoding for Music Generation20 Feb 2024
- 2023Automatic Time Signature Determination for New Scores Using Lyrics for Latent Rhythmic Structure27 Nov 2023
- 2023miditok: A Python package for MIDI file tokenization26 Oct 2023
- 2023Impact of time and note duration tokenizations on deep learning symbolic music modeling12 Oct 2023
- 2023MuseCoco: Generating Symbolic Music from Text31 May 2023
- 2023From Words to Music: A Study of Subword Tokenization Techniques in Symbolic Music Generation18 Apr 2023
- 2023Composer's Assistant: An Interactive Transformer for Multi-Track MIDI Infilling29 Jan 2023
- 2023Byte Pair Encoding for Symbolic Music27 Jan 2023
- 2022YM2413-MDB: A Multi-Instrumental FM Video Game Music Dataset with Emotion Annotations14 Nov 2022
- 2022A Survey on Artificial Intelligence for Music Generation: Agents, Domains and Perspectives25 Oct 2022
- 2022Museformer: Transformer with Fine- and Coarse-Grained Attention for Music Generation19 Oct 2022
- 2022Melody Infilling with User-Provided Structural Context6 Oct 2022
- 2022The Chamber Ensemble Generator: Limitless High-Quality MIR Data via Generative Modeling28 Sep 2022
- 2026Libretto: Giving LLM Agents a Sense of Musical Structurecited by 0
- 2026Libretto: Giving LLM Agents a Sense of Musical Structure21 Jun 2026
- 2023MuseCoco: Generating Symbolic Music from Textcited by 52
- 2022Museformer: Transformer with Fine- and Coarse-Grained Attention for Music Generationcited by 49
- 2025NotaGen: Advancing Musicality in Symbolic Music Generation with Large Language Model Training Paradigmscited by 30
- 2023miditok: A Python package for MIDI file tokenizationcited by 27
- 2023Byte Pair Encoding for Symbolic Musiccited by 19
- 2024Text2midi: Generating Symbolic Music from Captionscited by 19
- 2024PDMX: A Large-Scale Public Domain MusicXML Dataset for Symbolic Music Processingcited by 15
- 2022The Chamber Ensemble Generator: Limitless High-Quality MIR Data via Generative Modelingcited by 10
- 2024Natural Language Processing Methods for Symbolic Music Generation and Information Retrieval: a Surveycited by 10
- 2023Composer's Assistant: An Interactive Transformer for Multi-Track MIDI Infillingcited by 9
- 2022YM2413-MDB: A Multi-Instrumental FM Video Game Music Dataset with Emotion Annotationscited by 7
- 2024Motifs, Phrases, and Beyond: The Modelling of Structure in Symbolic Music Generationcited by 7
12 most cited of 31 All 31 (JSON)
- 2026UOT-IR: Structured Routing of High-Polyphony Symbolic Music into Fixed-Budget Representations1 Aug 2026
- 2026Rubato: Transcribing Piano Music with Timestamps22 May 2026
- 2026SymphonyGen: 3D Hierarchical Orchestral Generation with Controllable Harmony Skeleton28 Apr 2026
- 2026Anchored Cyclic Generation: A Novel Paradigm for Long-Sequence Symbolic Music Generation7 Apr 2026
- 2025Time-Shifted Token Scheduling for Symbolic Music Generation28 Sep 2025
- 2025Amadeus: Autoregressive Model with Bidirectional Attribute Modelling for Symbolic Music28 Aug 2025
- 2025Moonbeam: A MIDI Foundation Model Using Both Absolute and Relative Music Attributes21 May 2025
- 2025Of All StrIPEs: Investigating Structure-informed Positional Encoding for Efficient Music Generation7 Apr 2025
- 2025NotaGen: Advancing Musicality in Symbolic Music Generation with Large Language Model Training Paradigms25 Feb 2025
- 2025The GigaMIDI Dataset with Features for Expressive Music Performance Detection24 Feb 2025
- 2025F-StrIPE: Fast Structure-Informed Positional Encoding for Symbolic Music Generation14 Feb 2025
- 2024Text2midi: Generating Symbolic Music from Captions21 Dec 2024
12 newest of 31 All 31 (JSON)