Approximating Gradients for Differentiable Quality Diversity in Reinforcement Learning
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Abstract (arXiv)
Consider the problem of training robustly capable agents. One approach is to generate a diverse collection of agent polices. Training can then be viewed as a quality diversity (QD) optimization problem, where we search for a collection of performant policies that are diverse with respect to quantified behavior. Recent work shows that differentiable quality diversity (DQD) algorithms greatly accelerate QD optimization when exact gradients are available. However, agent policies typically assume that the environment is not differentiable. To apply DQD algorithms to training agent policies, we must approximate gradients for performance and behavior. We propose two variants of the current state-of-the-art DQD algorithm that compute gradients via approximation methods common in reinforcement learning (RL). We evaluate our approach on four simulated locomotion tasks. One variant achieves results comparable to the current state-of-the-art in combining QD and RL, while the other performs comparably in two locomotion tasks. These results provide insight into the limitations of current DQD algorithms in domains where gradients must be approximated. Source code is available at https://github.com/icaros-usc/dqd-rl
Key facts. Cited by 38 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 34 of its 65 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 8 Feb 2022.
Builds on
34 of 65 references.
References · 34
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- 2020One Solution is Not All You Need: Few-Shot Extrapolation via Structured MaxEnt RLcited by 79
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- 2021Differentiable Quality Diversitycited by 72
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- 2019Procedural Content Generation through Quality Diversitycited by 45
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Citing papers per year: 2022: 8; 2023: 13; 2024: 9; 2025: 4; 2026: 4.
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- 2025Diversity-Aware Policy Optimization for Large Language Model Reasoningcited by 41
- 2022Deep Surrogate Assisted Generation of Environmentscited by 40
- 2022Discovering Policies with DOMiNO: Diversity Optimization Maintaining Near Optimalitycited by 37
- 2023pyribs: A Bare-Bones Python Library for Quality Diversity Optimizationcited by 30
- 2024Bridging Evolutionary Algorithms and Reinforcement Learning: A Comprehensive Survey on Hybrid Algorithmscited by 26
- 2022Covariance Matrix Adaptation MAP-Annealingcited by 25
- 2024Learning to Cooperate with Humans using Generative Agentscited by 24
- 2022Combining Evolution and Deep Reinforcement Learning for Policy Search: a Surveycited by 23
- 2022Neuroevolution is a Competitive Alternative to Reinforcement Learning for Skill Discoverycited by 23
- 2023Proximal Policy Gradient Arborescence for Quality Diversity Reinforcement Learningcited by 20
- 2023Generating Behaviorally Diverse Policies with Latent Diffusion Modelscited by 19
- 2023Diversifying AI: Towards Creative Chess with AlphaZerocited by 15
26 more
- 2024Quality-Diversity Actor-Critic: Learning High-Performing and Diverse Behaviors via Value and Successor Features Criticscited by 13
- 2022Training Diverse High-Dimensional Controllers by Scaling Covariance Matrix Adaptation MAP-Annealingcited by 10
- 2022Benchmarking Quality-Diversity Algorithms on Neuroevolution for Reinforcement Learningcited by 10
- 2023Surrogate Assisted Generation of Human-Robot Interaction Scenarioscited by 8
- 2022Quality Diversity Evolutionary Learning of Decision Treescited by 7
- 2023Understanding the Synergies between Quality-Diversity and Deep Reinforcement Learningcited by 6
- 2023Synergizing Quality-Diversity with Descriptor-Conditioned Reinforcement Learningcited by 6
- 2023Evolving Populations of Diverse RL Agents with MAP-Elitescited by 5
- 2023Evolving Flying Machines in Minecraft Using Quality Diversitycited by 4
- 2024Evolutionary Reinforcement Learning: A Systematic Review and Future Directionscited by 4
- 2024Diversifying Policy Behaviors with Extrinsic Behavioral Curiositycited by 4
- 2024Imitation from Diverse Behaviors: Wasserstein Quality Diversity Imitation Learning with Single-Step Archive Explorationcited by 4
- 2023Don't Bet on Luck Alone: Enhancing Behavioral Reproducibility of Quality-Diversity Solutions in Uncertain Domainscited by 3
- 2025Contrastive Learning from Exploratory Actions: Leveraging Natural Interactions for Preference Elicitationcited by 3
- 2025AutoQD: Automatic Discovery of Diverse Behaviors with Quality-Diversity Optimizationcited by 3
- 2023Improving the Data Efficiency of Multi-Objective Quality-Diversity through Gradient Assistance and Crowding Explorationcited by 2
- 2023Enhancing MAP-Elites with Multiple Parallel Evolution Strategiescited by 2
- 2023Density Descent for Diversity Optimizationcited by 2
- 2026Red-Teaming Vision-Language-Action Models via Quality Diversity Prompt Generation for Robust Robot Policiescited by 2
- 2024Quality-Diversity with Limited Resourcescited by 1
- 2024Preference-Conditioned Gradient Variations for Multi-Objective Quality-Diversitycited by 1
- 2025Algorithmic Prompt Generation for Diverse Human-like Teaming and Communication with Large Language Modelscited by 1
- 2026Discount Model Search for Quality Diversity Optimization in High-Dimensional Measure Spacescited by 1
- 2024Online Behavior Modification for Expressive User Control of RL-Trained Robotscited by 0
- 2026EvoPref: Multi-Objective Evolutionary Optimization Discovers Diverse LLM Alignments Beyond Gradient Descentcited by 0
- 2026Explicit Trajectory Diversity for RL-Based Post-Training of LLM Agentscited by 0
- 2026Explicit Trajectory Diversity for RL-Based Post-Training of LLM Agents30 Sep 2026
- 2026EvoPref: Multi-Objective Evolutionary Optimization Discovers Diverse LLM Alignments Beyond Gradient Descent10 May 2026
- 2026Red-Teaming Vision-Language-Action Models via Quality Diversity Prompt Generation for Robust Robot Policies12 Mar 2026
- 2026Discount Model Search for Quality Diversity Optimization in High-Dimensional Measure Spaces3 Jan 2026
- 2025AutoQD: Automatic Discovery of Diverse Behaviors with Quality-Diversity Optimization5 Jun 2025
- 2025Diversity-Aware Policy Optimization for Large Language Model Reasoning29 May 2025
- 2025Algorithmic Prompt Generation for Diverse Human-like Teaming and Communication with Large Language Models4 Apr 2025
- 2025Contrastive Learning from Exploratory Actions: Leveraging Natural Interactions for Preference Elicitation2 Jan 2025
- 2024Learning to Cooperate with Humans using Generative Agents21 Nov 2024
- 2024Preference-Conditioned Gradient Variations for Multi-Objective Quality-Diversity19 Nov 2024
- 2024Imitation from Diverse Behaviors: Wasserstein Quality Diversity Imitation Learning with Single-Step Archive Exploration11 Nov 2024
- 2024Diversifying Policy Behaviors with Extrinsic Behavioral Curiosity8 Oct 2024
26 more
- 2024Online Behavior Modification for Expressive User Control of RL-Trained Robots15 Aug 2024
- 2024Quality-Diversity with Limited Resources6 Jun 2024
- 2024Quality-Diversity Actor-Critic: Learning High-Performing and Diverse Behaviors via Value and Successor Features Critics15 Mar 2024
- 2024Evolutionary Reinforcement Learning: A Systematic Review and Future Directions20 Feb 2024
- 2024Bridging Evolutionary Algorithms and Reinforcement Learning: A Comprehensive Survey on Hybrid Algorithms22 Jan 2024
- 2023Density Descent for Diversity Optimization18 Dec 2023
- 2023Synergizing Quality-Diversity with Descriptor-Conditioned Reinforcement Learning10 Dec 2023
- 2023Diversifying AI: Towards Creative Chess with AlphaZero17 Aug 2023
- 2023Generating Behaviorally Diverse Policies with Latent Diffusion Models30 May 2023
- 2023Proximal Policy Gradient Arborescence for Quality Diversity Reinforcement Learning23 May 2023
- 2023Surrogate Assisted Generation of Human-Robot Interaction Scenarios26 Apr 2023
- 2023Don't Bet on Luck Alone: Enhancing Behavioral Reproducibility of Quality-Diversity Solutions in Uncertain Domains7 Apr 2023
- 2023Understanding the Synergies between Quality-Diversity and Deep Reinforcement Learning10 Mar 2023
- 2023Enhancing MAP-Elites with Multiple Parallel Evolution Strategies10 Mar 2023
- 2023Evolving Populations of Diverse RL Agents with MAP-Elites9 Mar 2023
- 2023pyribs: A Bare-Bones Python Library for Quality Diversity Optimization1 Mar 2023
- 2023Improving the Data Efficiency of Multi-Objective Quality-Diversity through Gradient Assistance and Crowding Exploration24 Feb 2023
- 2023Evolving Flying Machines in Minecraft Using Quality Diversity1 Feb 2023
- 2022Benchmarking Quality-Diversity Algorithms on Neuroevolution for Reinforcement Learning4 Nov 2022
- 2022Neuroevolution is a Competitive Alternative to Reinforcement Learning for Skill Discovery6 Oct 2022
- 2022Training Diverse High-Dimensional Controllers by Scaling Covariance Matrix Adaptation MAP-Annealing6 Oct 2022
- 2022Quality Diversity Evolutionary Learning of Decision Trees17 Aug 2022
- 2022Deep Surrogate Assisted Generation of Environments9 Jun 2022
- 2022Discovering Policies with DOMiNO: Diversity Optimization Maintaining Near Optimality26 May 2022
- 2022Covariance Matrix Adaptation MAP-Annealing22 May 2022
- 2022Combining Evolution and Deep Reinforcement Learning for Policy Search: a Survey26 Mar 2022
- 2024Bridging Evolutionary Algorithms and Reinforcement Learning: A Comprehensive Survey on Hybrid Algorithmscited by 26
- 2024Quality-Diversity Actor-Critic: Learning High-Performing and Diverse Behaviors via Value and Successor Features Criticscited by 13
- 2024Evolutionary Reinforcement Learning: A Systematic Review and Future Directionscited by 4
- 2024Online Behavior Modification for Expressive User Control of RL-Trained Robotscited by 0
- 2024Online Behavior Modification for Expressive User Control of RL-Trained Robots15 Aug 2024
- 2024Quality-Diversity Actor-Critic: Learning High-Performing and Diverse Behaviors via Value and Successor Features Critics15 Mar 2024
- 2024Evolutionary Reinforcement Learning: A Systematic Review and Future Directions20 Feb 2024
- 2024Bridging Evolutionary Algorithms and Reinforcement Learning: A Comprehensive Survey on Hybrid Algorithms22 Jan 2024
- 2022Deep Surrogate Assisted Generation of Environmentscited by 40
- 2022Discovering Policies with DOMiNO: Diversity Optimization Maintaining Near Optimalitycited by 37
- 2023pyribs: A Bare-Bones Python Library for Quality Diversity Optimizationcited by 30
- 2022Covariance Matrix Adaptation MAP-Annealingcited by 25
- 2022Combining Evolution and Deep Reinforcement Learning for Policy Search: a Surveycited by 23
- 2022Neuroevolution is a Competitive Alternative to Reinforcement Learning for Skill Discoverycited by 23
- 2023Proximal Policy Gradient Arborescence for Quality Diversity Reinforcement Learningcited by 20
- 2023Diversifying AI: Towards Creative Chess with AlphaZerocited by 15
- 2022Training Diverse High-Dimensional Controllers by Scaling Covariance Matrix Adaptation MAP-Annealingcited by 10
- 2022Benchmarking Quality-Diversity Algorithms on Neuroevolution for Reinforcement Learningcited by 10
- 2023Surrogate Assisted Generation of Human-Robot Interaction Scenarioscited by 8
- 2022Quality Diversity Evolutionary Learning of Decision Treescited by 7
12 most cited of 26 All 26 (JSON)
- 2026Discount Model Search for Quality Diversity Optimization in High-Dimensional Measure Spaces3 Jan 2026
- 2025AutoQD: Automatic Discovery of Diverse Behaviors with Quality-Diversity Optimization5 Jun 2025
- 2025Algorithmic Prompt Generation for Diverse Human-like Teaming and Communication with Large Language Models4 Apr 2025
- 2025Contrastive Learning from Exploratory Actions: Leveraging Natural Interactions for Preference Elicitation2 Jan 2025
- 2024Preference-Conditioned Gradient Variations for Multi-Objective Quality-Diversity19 Nov 2024
- 2024Quality-Diversity with Limited Resources6 Jun 2024
- 2023Density Descent for Diversity Optimization18 Dec 2023
- 2023Synergizing Quality-Diversity with Descriptor-Conditioned Reinforcement Learning10 Dec 2023
- 2023Diversifying AI: Towards Creative Chess with AlphaZero17 Aug 2023
- 2023Proximal Policy Gradient Arborescence for Quality Diversity Reinforcement Learning23 May 2023
- 2023Surrogate Assisted Generation of Human-Robot Interaction Scenarios26 Apr 2023
- 2023Don't Bet on Luck Alone: Enhancing Behavioral Reproducibility of Quality-Diversity Solutions in Uncertain Domains7 Apr 2023
12 newest of 26 All 26 (JSON)