Few-Shot Out-of-Domain Transfer Learning of Natural Language Explanations in a Label-Abundant Setup
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Abstract (arXiv)
Training a model to provide natural language explanations (NLEs) for its predictions usually requires the acquisition of task-specific NLEs, which is time- and resource-consuming. A potential solution is the few-shot out-of-domain transfer of NLEs from a parent task with many NLEs to a child task. In this work, we examine the setup in which the child task has few NLEs but abundant labels. We establish four few-shot transfer learning methods that cover the possible fine-tuning combinations of the labels and NLEs for the parent and child tasks. We transfer explainability from a large natural language inference dataset (e-SNLI) separately to two child tasks: (1) hard cases of pronoun resolution, where we introduce the small-e-WinoGrande dataset of NLEs on top of the WinoGrande dataset, and (2)~commonsense validation (ComVE). Our results demonstrate that the parent task helps with NLE generation and we establish the best methods for this setup.
Key facts. Cited by 16 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 24 of its 57 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 12 Dec 2021.
Builds on
24 of 57 references.
References · 24
- 2019Exploring the Limits of Transfer Learning with a Unified Text-to-Text Transformercited by 14,491
- 2019BERTScore: Evaluating Text Generation with BERTcited by 5,462
- 2015A large annotated corpus for learning natural language inferencecited by 1,837
- 2017Program Induction by Rationale Generation : Learning to Solve and Explain Algebraic Word Problemscited by 642
- 2018e-SNLI: Natural Language Inference with Natural Language Explanationscited by 468
- 2019Explain Yourself! Leveraging Language Models for Commonsense Reasoningcited by 367
- 2018Textual Explanations for Self-Driving Vehiclescited by 226
- 2018Multimodal Explanations: Justifying Decisions and Pointing to the Evidencecited by 179
- 2020Measuring Association Between Labels and Free-Text Rationalescited by 159
- 2016Generating Visual Explanationscited by 156
- 2020WT5?! Training Text-to-Text Models to Explain their Predictionscited by 148
- 2020NILE : Natural Language Inference with Faithful Natural Language Explanationscited by 96
12 more
- 2020Few-shot Natural Language Generation for Task-Oriented Dialogcited by 89
- 2021e-ViL: A Dataset and Benchmark for Natural Language Explanations in Vision-Language Taskscited by 84
- 2021Few-Shot Self-Rationalization with Natural Language Promptscited by 83
- 2019Make Up Your Mind! Adversarial Generation of Inconsistent Natural Language Explanationscited by 71
- 2018Towards Explainable NLP: A Generative Explanation Framework for Text Classificationcited by 55
- 2019Few-Shot NLG with Pre-Trained Language Modelcited by 52
- 2020WinoWhy: A Deep Diagnosis of Essential Commonsense Knowledge for Answering Winograd Schema Challengecited by 43
- 2020SemEval-2020 Task 4: Commonsense Validation and Explanationcited by 42
- 2020Explaining Question Answering Models through Text Generationcited by 33
- 2021Knowledge-Grounded Self-Rationalization via Extractive and Natural Language Explanationscited by 24
- 2019Few-Shot Dialogue Generation Without Annotated Data: A Transfer Learning Approachcited by 6
- 2020Case-Based Abductive Natural Language Inferencecited by 4
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 1; 2022: 3; 2023: 4; 2024: 5; 2025: 3.
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- 2022Chain-of-Thought Prompting Elicits Reasoning in Large Language Modelscited by 12,302
- 2023Explainability for Large Language Models: A Surveycited by 331
- 2021Reframing Human-AI Collaboration for Generating Free-Text Explanationscited by 125
- 2024SaySelf: Teaching LLMs to Express Confidence with Self-Reflective Rationalescited by 102
- 2022FLUTE: Figurative Language Understanding through Textual Explanationscited by 78
- 2022The Defeat of the Winograd Schema Challengecited by 25
- 2024Explainable Generative AI (GenXAI): A Survey, Conceptualization, and Research Agendacited by 22
- 2024ChatGPT Rates Natural Language Explanation Quality Like Humans: But on Which Scales?cited by 17
- 2023S3C: Semi-Supervised VQA Natural Language Explanation via Self-Critical Learningcited by 10
- 2024PromptExp: Multi-granularity Prompt Explanation of Large Language Modelscited by 6
- 2023Understanding and Predicting Human Label Variation in Natural Language Inference through Explanationcited by 5
- 2024Take It Easy: Label-Adaptive Self-Rationalization for Fact Verification and Explanation Generationcited by 3
4 more
- 2025Towards Transparent AI: A Survey on Explainable Language Modelscited by 3
- 2023SPARSEFIT: Few-shot Prompting with Sparse Fine-tuning for Jointly Generating Predictions and Natural Language Explanationscited by 2
- 2025LEKA:LLM-Enhanced Knowledge Augmentationcited by 1
- 2025Self-Rationalization in the Wild: A Large Scale Out-of-Distribution Evaluation on NLI-related taskscited by 1
- 2025Towards Transparent AI: A Survey on Explainable Language Models25 Sep 2025
- 2025Self-Rationalization in the Wild: A Large Scale Out-of-Distribution Evaluation on NLI-related tasks7 Feb 2025
- 2025LEKA:LLM-Enhanced Knowledge Augmentation29 Jan 2025
- 2024PromptExp: Multi-granularity Prompt Explanation of Large Language Models16 Oct 2024
- 2024Take It Easy: Label-Adaptive Self-Rationalization for Fact Verification and Explanation Generation5 Oct 2024
- 2024SaySelf: Teaching LLMs to Express Confidence with Self-Reflective Rationales31 May 2024
- 2024Explainable Generative AI (GenXAI): A Survey, Conceptualization, and Research Agenda15 Apr 2024
- 2024ChatGPT Rates Natural Language Explanation Quality Like Humans: But on Which Scales?26 Mar 2024
- 2023S3C: Semi-Supervised VQA Natural Language Explanation via Self-Critical Learning5 Sep 2023
- 2023Explainability for Large Language Models: A Survey2 Sep 2023
- 2023SPARSEFIT: Few-shot Prompting with Sparse Fine-tuning for Jointly Generating Predictions and Natural Language Explanations22 May 2023
- 2023Understanding and Predicting Human Label Variation in Natural Language Inference through Explanation24 Apr 2023
4 more
- 2022FLUTE: Figurative Language Understanding through Textual Explanations24 May 2022
- 2022Chain-of-Thought Prompting Elicits Reasoning in Large Language Models28 Jan 2022
- 2022The Defeat of the Winograd Schema Challenge7 Jan 2022
- 2021Reframing Human-AI Collaboration for Generating Free-Text Explanations16 Dec 2021
- 2022Chain-of-Thought Prompting Elicits Reasoning in Large Language Modelscited by 12,302
- 2023Explainability for Large Language Models: A Surveycited by 331
- 2021Reframing Human-AI Collaboration for Generating Free-Text Explanationscited by 125
- 2024SaySelf: Teaching LLMs to Express Confidence with Self-Reflective Rationalescited by 102
- 2022FLUTE: Figurative Language Understanding through Textual Explanationscited by 78
- 2022The Defeat of the Winograd Schema Challengecited by 25
- 2024Explainable Generative AI (GenXAI): A Survey, Conceptualization, and Research Agendacited by 22
- 2024ChatGPT Rates Natural Language Explanation Quality Like Humans: But on Which Scales?cited by 17
- 2023S3C: Semi-Supervised VQA Natural Language Explanation via Self-Critical Learningcited by 10
- 2024PromptExp: Multi-granularity Prompt Explanation of Large Language Modelscited by 6
- 2023Understanding and Predicting Human Label Variation in Natural Language Inference through Explanationcited by 5
- 2024Take It Easy: Label-Adaptive Self-Rationalization for Fact Verification and Explanation Generationcited by 3
- 2025Towards Transparent AI: A Survey on Explainable Language Modelscited by 3
12 most cited of 15 All 15 (JSON)
- 2025Towards Transparent AI: A Survey on Explainable Language Models25 Sep 2025
- 2025Self-Rationalization in the Wild: A Large Scale Out-of-Distribution Evaluation on NLI-related tasks7 Feb 2025
- 2025LEKA:LLM-Enhanced Knowledge Augmentation29 Jan 2025
- 2024PromptExp: Multi-granularity Prompt Explanation of Large Language Models16 Oct 2024
- 2024Take It Easy: Label-Adaptive Self-Rationalization for Fact Verification and Explanation Generation5 Oct 2024
- 2024SaySelf: Teaching LLMs to Express Confidence with Self-Reflective Rationales31 May 2024
- 2024Explainable Generative AI (GenXAI): A Survey, Conceptualization, and Research Agenda15 Apr 2024
- 2024ChatGPT Rates Natural Language Explanation Quality Like Humans: But on Which Scales?26 Mar 2024
- 2023S3C: Semi-Supervised VQA Natural Language Explanation via Self-Critical Learning5 Sep 2023
- 2023Explainability for Large Language Models: A Survey2 Sep 2023
- 2023SPARSEFIT: Few-shot Prompting with Sparse Fine-tuning for Jointly Generating Predictions and Natural Language Explanations22 May 2023
- 2023Understanding and Predicting Human Label Variation in Natural Language Inference through Explanation24 Apr 2023
12 newest of 15 All 15 (JSON)