mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

GPR1200: A Benchmark for General-Purpose Content-Based Image Retrieval

arXiv 2111.13122 ↗First posted 25 Nov 2021cs.CV cs.AI cs.IRcited by 14

Not on the map. Why?

Abstract (arXiv)

Even though it has extensively been shown that retrieval specific training of deep neural networks is beneficial for nearest neighbor image search quality, most of these models are trained and tested in the domain of landmarks images. However, some applications use images from various other domains and therefore need a network with good generalization properties - a general-purpose CBIR model. To the best of our knowledge, no testing protocol has so far been introduced to benchmark models with respect to general image retrieval quality. After analyzing popular image retrieval test sets we decided to manually curate GPR1200, an easy to use and accessible but challenging benchmark dataset with a broad range of image categories. This benchmark is subsequently used to evaluate various pretrained models of different architectures on their generalization qualities. We show that large-scale pretraining significantly improves retrieval performance and present experiments on how to further increase these properties by appropriate fine-tuning. With these promising results, we hope to increase interest in the research topic of general-purpose CBIR.

Key facts. Cited by 14 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 17 of its 31 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 25 Nov 2021.

Builds on

17 of 31 references.

References · 17

  1. 2017Attention Is All You Needcited by 60,361
  2. 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 52,096
  3. 2020An Image is Worth 16x16 Words: Transformers for Image Recognition at Scalecited by 30,186
  4. 2021Swin Transformer: Hierarchical Vision Transformer using Shifted Windowscited by 12,139
  5. 2014ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challengecited by 8,498
  6. 2020Training data-efficient image transformers & distillation through attentioncited by 4,586
  7. 2021EfficientNetV2: Smaller Models and Faster Trainingcited by 1,135
  8. 2019Learning Robust Global Representations by Penalizing Local Predictive Powercited by 1,013
  9. 2019Big Transfer (BiT): General Visual Representation Learningcited by 769
  10. 2017Fine-tuning CNN Image Retrieval with No Human Annotationcited by 499
  11. 2015Deep Metric Learning via Lifted Structured Feature Embeddingcited by 449
  12. 2020Google Landmarks Dataset v2 -- A Large-Scale Benchmark for Instance-Level Recognition and Retrievalcited by 309
5 more
  1. 2020Proxy Anchor Loss for Deep Metric Learningcited by 195
  2. 2018Revisiting Oxford and Paris: Large-Scale Image Retrieval Benchmarkingcited by 191
  3. 2015Particular object retrieval with integral max-pooling of CNN activationscited by 161
  4. 2016Deep Image Retrieval: Learning global representations for image searchcited by 147
  5. 2019Deep Aggregation of Regional Convolutional Activations for Content Based Image Retrievalcited by 1

Built on by

Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2022: 2; 2023: 3; 2024: 4; 2025: 4; 2026: 1.

14 papers.

Sort:

By area: