GPR1200: A Benchmark for General-Purpose Content-Based Image Retrieval
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Abstract (arXiv)
Even though it has extensively been shown that retrieval specific training of deep neural networks is beneficial for nearest neighbor image search quality, most of these models are trained and tested in the domain of landmarks images. However, some applications use images from various other domains and therefore need a network with good generalization properties - a general-purpose CBIR model. To the best of our knowledge, no testing protocol has so far been introduced to benchmark models with respect to general image retrieval quality. After analyzing popular image retrieval test sets we decided to manually curate GPR1200, an easy to use and accessible but challenging benchmark dataset with a broad range of image categories. This benchmark is subsequently used to evaluate various pretrained models of different architectures on their generalization qualities. We show that large-scale pretraining significantly improves retrieval performance and present experiments on how to further increase these properties by appropriate fine-tuning. With these promising results, we hope to increase interest in the research topic of general-purpose CBIR.
Key facts. Cited by 14 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 17 of its 31 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 25 Nov 2021.
Builds on
17 of 31 references.
References · 17
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5 more
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Citing papers per year: 2022: 2; 2023: 3; 2024: 4; 2025: 4; 2026: 1.
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- 2024Optimizing CLIP Models for Image Retrieval with Maintained Joint-Embedding Alignment3 Sep 2024
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- 2024MileBench: Benchmarking MLLMs in Long Context29 Apr 2024
- 2023VeCLIP: Improving CLIP Training via Visual-enriched Captions11 Oct 2023
- 2023Towards Universal Image Embeddings: A Large-Scale Dataset and Challenge for Generic Image Representations4 Sep 2023
- 2023MOFI: Learning Image Representations from Noisy Entity Annotated Images13 Jun 2023
2 more
- 2024MileBench: Benchmarking MLLMs in Long Contextcited by 88
- 2023VeCLIP: Improving CLIP Training via Visual-enriched Captionscited by 70
- 2025ILIAS: Instance-Level Image retrieval At Scalecited by 30
- 2025Exploring Implicit Visual Misunderstandings in Multimodal Large Language Models through Attention Analysiscited by 2
- 2022DetailCLIP: Injecting Image Details into CLIP's Feature Spacecited by 1
- 2025Exploring Implicit Visual Misunderstandings in Multimodal Large Language Models through Attention Analysis15 May 2025
- 2025ILIAS: Instance-Level Image retrieval At Scale17 Feb 2025
- 2024MileBench: Benchmarking MLLMs in Long Context29 Apr 2024
- 2023VeCLIP: Improving CLIP Training via Visual-enriched Captions11 Oct 2023
- 2022DetailCLIP: Injecting Image Details into CLIP's Feature Space31 Aug 2022
- 2023Towards Universal Image Embeddings: A Large-Scale Dataset and Challenge for Generic Image Representationscited by 28
- 2025Instance-Level Composed Image Retrievalcited by 12
- 2023MOFI: Learning Image Representations from Noisy Entity Annotated Imagescited by 7
- 2024Optimizing CLIP Models for Image Retrieval with Maintained Joint-Embedding Alignmentcited by 6
- 20225th Place Solution to Kaggle Google Universal Image Embedding Competitioncited by 2
- 2024Efficient and Discriminative Image Feature Extraction for Universal Image Retrievalcited by 1
- 2026ID-Sim: An Identity-Focused Similarity Metriccited by 1
- 2026ID-Sim: An Identity-Focused Similarity Metric6 Apr 2026
- 2025Instance-Level Composed Image Retrieval29 Oct 2025
- 2024Efficient and Discriminative Image Feature Extraction for Universal Image Retrieval20 Sep 2024
- 2024Optimizing CLIP Models for Image Retrieval with Maintained Joint-Embedding Alignment3 Sep 2024
- 2023Towards Universal Image Embeddings: A Large-Scale Dataset and Challenge for Generic Image Representations4 Sep 2023
- 2023MOFI: Learning Image Representations from Noisy Entity Annotated Images13 Jun 2023
- 20225th Place Solution to Kaggle Google Universal Image Embedding Competition18 Oct 2022