Fairness, Integrity, and Privacy in a Scalable Blockchain-based Federated Learning System
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Abstract (arXiv)
Federated machine learning (FL) allows to collectively train models on sensitive data as only the clients' models and not their training data need to be shared. However, despite the attention that research on FL has drawn, the concept still lacks broad adoption in practice. One of the key reasons is the great challenge to implement FL systems that simultaneously achieve fairness, integrity, and privacy preservation for all participating clients. To contribute to solving this issue, our paper suggests a FL system that incorporates blockchain technology, local differential privacy, and zero-knowledge proofs. Our implementation of a proof-of-concept with multiple linear regression illustrates that these state-of-the-art technologies can be combined to a FL system that aligns economic incentives, trust, and confidentiality requirements in a scalable and transparent system.
Key facts. Cited by 16 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 23 of its 84 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 11 Nov 2021.
Builds on
23 of 84 references.
References · 23
- 2016Communication-Efficient Learning of Deep Networks from Decentralized Datacited by 7,592
- 2019Advances and Open Problems in Federated Learningcited by 3,021
- 2019Federated Learning: Challenges, Methods, and Future Directionscited by 1,531
- 2019Deep Leakage from Gradientscited by 1,004
- 2014Convex Optimization: Algorithms and Complexitycited by 569
- 2018Federated Learning for Mobile Keyboard Predictioncited by 565
- 2018Exploiting Unintended Feature Leakage in Collaborative Learningcited by 509
- 2019A Survey on Distributed Machine Learningcited by 187
- 2020The Discrete Gaussian for Differential Privacycited by 134
- 2019Federated Learning for Edge Networks: Resource Optimization and Incentive Mechanismcited by 75
- 2020Federated Learning in Vehicular Networkscited by 53
- 2019BAFFLE : Blockchain Based Aggregator Free Federated Learningcited by 38
11 more
- 2019Security and Privacy on Blockchaincited by 32
- 2016Collecting and Analyzing Data from Smart Device Users with Local Differential Privacycited by 25
- 2020The Limits of Differential Privacy (and its Misuse in Data Release and Machine Learning)cited by 22
- 2019A Survey of Distributed Consensus Protocols for Blockchain Networkscited by 16
- 2020BlockFLow: An Accountable and Privacy-Preserving Solution for Federated Learningcited by 12
- 2017Differential Privacy on Finite Computerscited by 8
- 2018Trustless Machine Learning Contracts; Evaluating and Exchanging Machine Learning Models on the Ethereum Blockchaincited by 8
- 2019Blockchains: a Systematic Multivocal Literature Reviewcited by 2
- 2021User Incentives for Blockchain-based Data Sharing Platformscited by 2
- 2021Revealing the Landscape of Privacy-Enhancing Technologies in the Context of Data Markets for the IoT: A Systematic Literature Reviewcited by 1
- 2021Do I Get the Privacy I Need? Benchmarking Utility in Differential Privacy Librariescited by 1
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Citing papers per year: 2023: 4; 2024: 7; 2025: 4; 2026: 1.
16 papers.
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- 2023Zero-Knowledge Proof-based Verifiable Decentralized Machine Learning in Communication Network: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 18
- 2024Privacy-Preserving in Blockchain-based Federated Learning Systemscited by 7
- 2024A Survey on Contribution Evaluation in Vertical Federated Learningcited by 5
- 2023Trustworthy Federated Learning: A Surveycited by 4
- 2024FedRFQ: Prototype-Based Federated Learning with Reduced Redundancy, Minimal Failure, and Enhanced Qualitycited by 4
- 2024Linkage on Security, Privacy and Fairness in Federated Learning: New Balances and New Perspectivescited by 3
- 2025AutoDFL: A Scalable and Automated Reputation-Aware Decentralized Federated Learningcited by 3
- 2023zkDFL: An efficient and privacy-preserving decentralized federated learning with zero-knowledge proofcited by 1
- 2025ExpProof : Operationalizing Explanations for Confidential Models with ZKPscited by 1
- 2025Zero-Knowledge Federated Learning: A New Trustworthy and Privacy-Preserving Distributed Learning Paradigmcited by 1
- 2025A Framework for Cryptographic Verifiability of End-to-End AI Pipelinescited by 1
- 2026ZK-HybridFL: Zero-Knowledge Proof-Enhanced Hybrid Ledger for Federated Learningcited by 1
4 more
- 2023Federated Learning: Organizational Opportunities, Challenges, and Adoption Strategiescited by 0
- 2024End-to-End Verifiable Decentralized Federated Learningcited by 0
- 2024A Multivocal Literature Review on Privacy and Fairness in Federated Learningcited by 0
- 2024SoK: Verifiable Cross-Silo FLcited by 0
- 2026ZK-HybridFL: Zero-Knowledge Proof-Enhanced Hybrid Ledger for Federated Learning29 Jan 2026
- 2025A Framework for Cryptographic Verifiability of End-to-End AI Pipelines28 Mar 2025
- 2025Zero-Knowledge Federated Learning: A New Trustworthy and Privacy-Preserving Distributed Learning Paradigm18 Mar 2025
- 2025ExpProof : Operationalizing Explanations for Confidential Models with ZKPs6 Feb 2025
- 2025AutoDFL: A Scalable and Automated Reputation-Aware Decentralized Federated Learning8 Jan 2025
- 2024SoK: Verifiable Cross-Silo FL11 Oct 2024
- 2024A Multivocal Literature Review on Privacy and Fairness in Federated Learning16 Aug 2024
- 2024Linkage on Security, Privacy and Fairness in Federated Learning: New Balances and New Perspectives16 Jun 2024
- 2024A Survey on Contribution Evaluation in Vertical Federated Learning3 May 2024
- 2024End-to-End Verifiable Decentralized Federated Learning19 Apr 2024
- 2024FedRFQ: Prototype-Based Federated Learning with Reduced Redundancy, Minimal Failure, and Enhanced Quality15 Jan 2024
- 2024Privacy-Preserving in Blockchain-based Federated Learning Systems7 Jan 2024
4 more
- 2023zkDFL: An efficient and privacy-preserving decentralized federated learning with zero-knowledge proof1 Dec 2023
- 2023Zero-Knowledge Proof-based Verifiable Decentralized Machine Learning in Communication Network: A Comprehensive Survey23 Oct 2023
- 2023Federated Learning: Organizational Opportunities, Challenges, and Adoption Strategies4 Aug 2023
- 2023Trustworthy Federated Learning: A Survey19 May 2023
- 2023Zero-Knowledge Proof-based Verifiable Decentralized Machine Learning in Communication Network: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 18
- 2024Privacy-Preserving in Blockchain-based Federated Learning Systemscited by 7
- 2024A Survey on Contribution Evaluation in Vertical Federated Learningcited by 5
- 2023Trustworthy Federated Learning: A Surveycited by 4
- 2024FedRFQ: Prototype-Based Federated Learning with Reduced Redundancy, Minimal Failure, and Enhanced Qualitycited by 4
- 2024Linkage on Security, Privacy and Fairness in Federated Learning: New Balances and New Perspectivescited by 3
- 2025AutoDFL: A Scalable and Automated Reputation-Aware Decentralized Federated Learningcited by 3
- 2023zkDFL: An efficient and privacy-preserving decentralized federated learning with zero-knowledge proofcited by 1
- 2025ExpProof : Operationalizing Explanations for Confidential Models with ZKPscited by 1
- 2025Zero-Knowledge Federated Learning: A New Trustworthy and Privacy-Preserving Distributed Learning Paradigmcited by 1
- 2025A Framework for Cryptographic Verifiability of End-to-End AI Pipelinescited by 1
- 2026ZK-HybridFL: Zero-Knowledge Proof-Enhanced Hybrid Ledger for Federated Learningcited by 1
12 most cited of 16 All 16 (JSON)
- 2026ZK-HybridFL: Zero-Knowledge Proof-Enhanced Hybrid Ledger for Federated Learning29 Jan 2026
- 2025A Framework for Cryptographic Verifiability of End-to-End AI Pipelines28 Mar 2025
- 2025Zero-Knowledge Federated Learning: A New Trustworthy and Privacy-Preserving Distributed Learning Paradigm18 Mar 2025
- 2025ExpProof : Operationalizing Explanations for Confidential Models with ZKPs6 Feb 2025
- 2025AutoDFL: A Scalable and Automated Reputation-Aware Decentralized Federated Learning8 Jan 2025
- 2024SoK: Verifiable Cross-Silo FL11 Oct 2024
- 2024A Multivocal Literature Review on Privacy and Fairness in Federated Learning16 Aug 2024
- 2024Linkage on Security, Privacy and Fairness in Federated Learning: New Balances and New Perspectives16 Jun 2024
- 2024A Survey on Contribution Evaluation in Vertical Federated Learning3 May 2024
- 2024End-to-End Verifiable Decentralized Federated Learning19 Apr 2024
- 2024FedRFQ: Prototype-Based Federated Learning with Reduced Redundancy, Minimal Failure, and Enhanced Quality15 Jan 2024
- 2024Privacy-Preserving in Blockchain-based Federated Learning Systems7 Jan 2024
12 newest of 16 All 16 (JSON)